Safety and anti-ulcerogenic activity of a novel polyphenol-rich extract of clove buds (Syzygium aromaticum L)

Abstract

Despite the various reports on the pharmacology of Clove bud [Syzygium aromaticum]-derived essential oil and its major component eugenol, systematic information on the bioactivity of clove polyphenols is very limited. Clove buds being one of the richest sources of dietary polyphenols with many traditional medicinal uses, the present contribution attempted to derive their standardized polyphenol-rich extracts as a water soluble free flowing powder (Clovinol) suitable for functional food applications, without the issues of its characteristic pungency and aroma. The extract was characterized by electrospray ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF-MS), and investigated for in vivo antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcerogenic activities. Clovinol showed significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects as measured by cellular antioxidant levels, and the ability to inhibit carrageenan-induced paw swelling in mice. Further investigations revealed its significant anti-ulcerogenic activity (>97% inhibition of ethanol-induced stomach ulcers in Wistar rats when orally administered at 100 mg per kg b.w.) and up regulation of in vivo antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and catalase (CAT). Clovinol also reduced the extent of lipid peroxidation among ulcer induced rats, indicating its usefulness in ameliorating oxidative stress and improving gastrointestinal health, especially upon chronic alcohol consumption. The extract was also shown to be safe and suitable for further investigations and development upon acute toxicity studies at 5 g per kg body weight and 28 days of repeated dose toxicity studies at 2.5 g per kg b.w.

Hepato-protective Effect of Clove Bud Polyphenols (Syzygium aromaticum L.) (Clovinol®) by Modulating Alcohol Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

“…Hence, we investigated the possibilities of food-derived, natural alternatives for protection against chronic alcohol consumption, a major reason for chronic liver diseases, globally. Clove buds, rich in polyphenols such as flavonoids, hydrolysable tannins of ellagic acid and gallic acid (Issac et al, 2015) is one of the best antioxidant spice, often referred to as the 'Champion of spices ' (Perez-Jimenez, 2010;Milind, 2011;Shan et al, 2005). Besides, there have been reports on hepatoprotective effects of clove essential oil and clove extracts (Hadary and Ramadan Hassanien, 2015;Al-Okbi et al, 2014;Ali et al, 2014).…”

“…Clovinol has been characterized in detail in an earlier study (Johannah et al, 2015) and was prepared by hydro-ethanolic extraction followed by purification and spray drying as reported earlier (Issac et al, 2015). Matured and dried Indonesian clove buds were used in the preparation of Clovinol with a polyphenol content of 41.2% (w/w) as gallic acid equivalent.…”

“…It is a rich source of eugenol rich volatile oil (12-16% (v/w), phenolic compounds like hydrolysable tannins, phenolic acids, and flavonoids (Chaieb et al, 2007). Besides, earlier reports have suggested clove polyphenols to have in vivo antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and gastroprotective activities (Issac et al, 2015;Johannah et al, 2015). Since oxidative stress and associated inflammatory changes are crucial in the development of alcoholic liver diseases, the present study investigated the effect of clove bud polyphenols (hereinafter referred to as 'Clovinol') on alcohol-induced liver toxicity in the chronic alcohol-treated rat model.…”

Hydroethanolic extract of Baccharis trimera promotes gastroprotection and healing of acute and chronic gastric ulcers induced by ethanol and acetic acid

“…The development of gastric ulcers is a multifactorial process that occurs through an imbalance between aggressive (e.g., acid secretion and pepsin) and protective (e.g., mucus barrier, bicarbonate secretion, and antioxidant defenses) factors that are present in gastric mucosa (Choi et al 2009). Additionally, chronic ethanol consumption can promote gastric ulceration by decreasing mucus production, cell proliferation, and mucosal blood circulation by increasing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and causing an exaggerated inflammatory response (Issac et al 2015;Takeuchi 2012).…”

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“…Bud oil is derived from the flowerbuds of Eugenia caryophyllus. Other important essential oil constituents of clove oil are acetyl eugenol, beta-caryophyllene and vanillin, crategolic acid, tannins such as bicornin [3][4] , methyl salicylate (painkiller), gallotannic acid, the flavonoidseugenin, rhamnetin, kaempferol, and eugenitin, triterpenoids such as oleanolic acid, campesterol and stigmasterol, and several sesquiterpenes [5][6][7][8] .…”