Safety and Effects of Potassium- and Magnesium-Containing Low Sodium Salt Mixtures

Karppanen, Heikki; Tanskanen, Antti; Tuomilehto, J; Puska, Pekka; Vuori, J.; Jäntti, Veikko; Seppänen, Maija-Liisa

doi:10.1097/00005344-198400061-00037

Cited by 55 publications

(38 citation statements)

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“…18 The improvement of glucose tolerance appears to be one of the beneficial effects of potassium. 22,23 Increased intake of calcium has an established place in the prevention of osteoporosis. There is evidence that calcium may also have beneficial effects on serum lipids (for a review, see Vaskonen 18 ).…”

Section: Effect Of Multiple Improvementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Replacement of common salt with potassium-and magnesium-enriched and sodium-reduced salts lowers blood pressure 23,39 and produces even other beneficial effects, such as improvement of glucose tolerance. 23 …”

Section: Effect Of Multiple Improvementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such composition changes result in foods that affect beneficially both blood pressure and serum cholesterol, the two major causative factors in heart diseases and stroke. 24,25 It has proved to be easy to enrich products that contain added salt, with potassium and magnesium compounds by using potassium-and magnesiumenriched salt 23,39 Enrichment of different food items with potassium, calcium, magnesium, and plant sterols has also proved to be possible without adverse effects on taste or other important properties. 40 Recently, several calcium-enriched foods, such as milk products and juices, have become available.…”

Section: Proposed Actionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Why and how to implement sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium changes in food items and diets?

2005

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Section: Effect Of Multiple Improvementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effect Of Multiple Improvementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Proposed Actionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Why and how to implement sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium changes in food items and diets?

2005

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“…This formulation is commercially available in China and had been tested previously. 13 The normal salt was 100% sodium chloride. Randomized treatment was delivered in 1 kg bags identical except for a 3-digit code corresponding to the randomization number, with up to 3 kg a month salt substitute/salt available to each randomized participant to cover all cooking, pickling and other uses within the household.…”

Section: Study Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Salt substitutes with reduced sodium and increased potassium substantially lower blood pressure. [13][14][15] There are some limited data to suggest that long-term consumption of a diet low in salt may reduce arterial stiffness independent of blood pressure reduction 16 although data from high-risk individuals with existing vascular disease are few. There are also data showing positive correlations of sodium intake 17 and negative correlations of potassium intake 18 with arterial stiffness providing a strong rationale for beneficial effects of salt substitution beyond blood pressure lowering although once again data about effects in high-risk individuals are limited.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of salt substitute on pulse wave analysis among individuals at high cardiovascular risk in rural China: a randomized controlled trial

Jiang

et al. 2009

Hypertens Res

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Reduced-sodium, increased-potassium salt substitutes lower blood pressure but may also have direct effects on vascular structure and arterial function. This study aimed to test the effects of long-term salt substitution on indices of these outcomes. The China Salt Substitute Study was a randomized, controlled trial designed to establish the effects of salt substitute (65% sodium chloride, 25% potassium chloride, 10% magnesium sulfate) compared with regular salt (100% sodium chloride) on blood pressure among 600 high-risk individuals living in six rural areas in northern China over a 12-month intervention period. Data on central aortic blood pressure, aortic pressure augmentation (AUG), augmentation index (AIx), the differences of the peak of first and baseline waves (P 1 -P 0 ) and pulse wave reflection time (RT) were collected at randomization and at the completion of follow-up in 187 participants using the Sphygmocor pulse wave analysis system. Mean baseline blood pressure was 150.1/91.4 mm Hg, mean age was 58.4 years, 41% were male and three quarters had a history of vascular disease. After 12 months of intervention, there were significant net reductions in peripheral (7.4 mm Hg, P¼0.009) and central (6.9 mm Hg, P¼0.011) systolic blood pressure levels and central pulse pressure (4.5 mm Hg, P¼0.012) and correspondingly there was a significant net reduction in P 1 -P 0 (3.0 mm Hg, P¼0.007), borderline significant net reduction in AUG (1.5 mm Hg, P¼0.074) and significant net increase in RT (2.59 ms, P¼0.001). There were no detectable reductions in peripheral (2.8 mm Hg, P¼0.14) or central (2.4 mm Hg, P¼0.13) diastolic blood pressure levels or AIx (0.06%, P¼0.96). In conclusion, over the 12-month study period the salt substitute significantly reduced not only peripheral and central systolic blood pressure but also reduced arterial stiffness.

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Replacing salt with low-sodium salt substitutes (LSSS) for cardiovascular health in adults, children and pregnant women

Brand

Visser

Schoonees

et al. 2022

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

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Background Elevated blood pressure, or hypertension, is the leading cause of preventable deaths globally. Diets high in sodium (predominantly sodium chloride) and low in potassium contribute to elevated blood pressure. The WHO recommends decreasing mean population sodium intake through effective and safe strategies to reduce hypertension and its associated disease burden. Incorporating low‐sodium salt substitutes (LSSS) into population strategies has increasingly been recognised as a possible sodium reduction strategy, particularly in populations where a substantial proportion of overall sodium intake comes from discretionary salt. The LSSS contain lower concentrations of sodium through its displacement with potassium predominantly, or other minerals. Potassium‐containing LSSS can potentially simultaneously decrease sodium intake and increase potassium intake. Benefits of LSSS include their potential blood pressure‐lowering effect and relatively low cost. However, there are concerns about potential adverse effects of LSSS, such as hyperkalaemia, particularly in people at risk, for example, those with chronic kidney disease (CKD) or taking medications that impair potassium excretion. Objectives To assess the effects and safety of replacing salt with LSSS to reduce sodium intake on cardiovascular health in adults, pregnant women and children. Search methods We searched MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase (Ovid), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Web of Science Core Collection (Clarivate Analytics), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL, EBSCOhost), ClinicalTrials.gov and WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) up to 18 August 2021, and screened reference lists of included trials and relevant systematic reviews. No language or publication restrictions were applied. Selection criteria We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and prospective analytical cohort studies in participants of any age in the general population, from any setting in any country. This included participants with non‐communicable diseases and those taking medications that impair potassium excretion. Studies had to compare any type and method of implementation of LSSS with the use of regular salt, or no active intervention, at an individual, household or community level, for any duration. Data collection and analysis Two review authors independently screened titles, abstracts and full‐text articles to determine eligibility; and extracted data, assessed risk of bias (RoB) using the Cochrane RoB tool, and assessed the certainty of the evidence using GRADE. We stratified analyses by adults, children (≤ 18 years) and pregnant women. Primary effectiveness outcomes were change in diastolic and systolic blood pressure (DBP and SBP), hypertension and blood pressure control; cardiovascular events and cardiovascular mortality were additional...

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Safety and Effects of Potassium- and Magnesium-Containing Low Sodium Salt Mixtures

Cited by 55 publications

References 0 publications

Why and how to implement sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium changes in food items and diets?

Why and how to implement sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium changes in food items and diets?

Effects of salt substitute on pulse wave analysis among individuals at high cardiovascular risk in rural China: a randomized controlled trial

Replacing salt with low-sodium salt substitutes (LSSS) for cardiovascular health in adults, children and pregnant women

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