Safety and efficacy of iron oxide black, red and yellow for all animal species

Abstract

Iron oxides black, red and yellow are intended to be used as colourings to add and restore colour to feedingstuffs at a recommended concentration between 500 and 1,200 mg/kg. No data on the tolerance of target animals were provided. The iron oxides black, red and yellow are excreted essentially unchanged in the faeces of the target animals. Iron absorption from these water insoluble iron oxides is low. However, no conclusion on the safety of the iron oxides under assessment for the target animals could be made as a sufficient biological and toxicological database, particularly genotoxicity data, was not available. The use of the iron oxides in animal nutrition is unlikely to result in a direct exposure of the consumer and would not influence the iron content of edible tissues and products from animals treated with iron oxides. Consequently, the supplementation of feed for food‐producing animals with the iron oxides under assessment would not provide a risk to consumers. Iron oxide black, red and yellow should be considered as irritant to skin and eyes. In the absence of any information, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed FEEDAP cannot conclude on the potential of the additives to be a skin sensitiser. As the inhalation of iron oxides could cause unspecific lung inflammation, inhalation exposure of users should be considered to be a hazard. As there is concern about the possible genotoxicity of iron oxides, any route of exposure should be considered as hazardous. The use of iron oxide black, red and yellow in animal nutrition does not pose a risk to the environment. The iron oxides are effective in colouring feedingstuffs.

Safety and efficacy of iron compounds (E1) as feed additives for all species: ferric oxide based on a dossier submitted by Poortershaven Industriële Mineralen B.V.

“…In the frame of re-evaluation, EFSA has delivered five opinions on iron-based additives: iron chelate of amino acids, hydrate (EFSA FEEDAP Panel, 2013, 2016a In 2015, the EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) adopted a scientific opinion on the re-evaluation of iron oxides and hydroxides (E 172) as food additives (EFSA ANS Panel, 2015). Following that, the FEEDAP Panel adopted a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of iron oxide black, red and yellow for all animal species as colourings in feed (EFSA FEEDAP Panel, 2016b).…”

“…The FEEDAP Panel has just adopted an opinion on the safety and efficacy of iron oxide black, red and yellow intended for use as colourings in animal nutrition (EFSA FEEDAP Panel, 2016b). The iron oxide red is chemically identical to the ferric oxide under application.…”

Facile Chemical Solution Transportation for Direct Recycling of Iron Oxide Rust Waste to Hematite Films

“…Current modern human civilization is undoubtedly based on huge consumption of energy and materials, for instance, fossil fuels at terawatt scale and iron in gigatons. , Due to the wide applications of the iron and steel components, a large amount of hydrated iron oxide rust wastes are generated from iron corrosion reactions with the environmental oxygen and water . On the other hand, iron oxides, such as FeO, Fe 3 O 4 (magnetite), α-Fe 2 O 3 (hematite), γ-Fe 2 O 3 (maghemite), α-FeOOH (goethite), and other oxides, are one group of the important functional materials widely used in pigments, magnetics, , catalysts, − photocatalysts, food additives, lithium ion batteries, and heavy metal absorbents. , Currently, the world’s steel industries already apply high utilization of steel waste as raw materials; however, the high temperature recycling process is energy intensive . Alternatively, Zhu et al developed a two-step hydrothermal process to prepare hematite nanospheres for batteries, where the iron rust was initially dissolved into nitric acid to generate a nitrate solution .…”