Safety and immunogenicity of an oral, inactivated enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli plus cholera toxin B subunit vaccine in Bangladeshi adults and children

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Developing Countries: Epidemiology, Microbiology, Clinical Features, Treatment, and Prevention

“…Coinfection with ETEC and other enteric pathogens is common, which may lead to problems in determining whether the symptoms are caused by the actual ETEC infection and understanding the actual pathogenesis of the infection (134,182). Mixed infections are frequent and may be seen in up to 40% of cases (7,17,127,132,139).…”

“…The presence of enteric pathogens in asymptomatic persons is also known to be high in areas of poor sanitation. The incidence of mixed infections seems to increase with age in studies in Bangladesh and fewer copathogens were seen in infants than in older children and adults with ETEC diarrhea (134). In cases of mixed infections in children, rotavirus is the most common, followed by other bacterial enteropathogens, e.g., V. cholerae, Campylobacter jejuni, Shigella spp., Salmonella spp., and Cryptosporidium (7,67,166).…”

“…In Bangladesh cholera and ETEC diarrhea are still endemic (134,165). Both diseases share a biannual periodicity, peaking once in the spring and again in the autumn (Fig.…”

Vaccines for viral and bacterial pathogens causing acute gastroenteritis: Part II: Vaccines forShigella,Salmonella,enterotoxigenicE. coli(ETEC) enterohemorragicE. coli(EHEC) andCampylobacter jejuni

“…Two of the strains were originally ST producing, but none produced LT. Studies including 158 children and adults performed in Sweden, Egypt and Bangladesh concluded that the vaccine was safe and that immunogenicity was conferred after the administration of 2 doses containing 1mg of CT-B and approximately 5 £ 10 10 killed bacteria. [92][93][94] A preliminary evaluation of efficacy was performed in 187 Austrian volunteers traveling to various tropical locations. Five cases of diarrhea attributed to ETEC were observed in placebo recipients compared to 1 case in vaccinated subjects.…”

The Cholera Toxin as a Biotechnological Tool

“…Recombinant CTB has been successfully used as a mucosal adjuvant in vaccines for human use such as the cholera vaccine itself [Quiding et al, 1991], and the vaccine against enterotoxigenic E. coli that causes diarrhea [Peltola et al, 1991;Qadri et al, 2000]. Analogously, CTB proved to b e g o o d a d j u v a n t f o r a Streptococcus pneumoniae cellular vaccine [Malley et al, 2004] and a severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus vaccine [Qu et al, 2005] when administered intranasally in mice.…”