Safety and Immunogenicity of the Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine Booster in People Living with HIV in China

Abstract

Current knowledge regarding the long-term humoral response of people infected with human immunodeficiency virus to the third dose of inactivated coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccine is incomplete. As a result, concerns remain about the safety and efficacy of the vaccination. To improve our understanding of the safety and immunogenicity of the COVID-19 inactivated vaccine booster in people living with HIV (PLWH), a prospective study was conducted on participants who had not yet received a third dose of the COVID-19 inactivated vaccine, had no history of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and had received a second dose of the vaccine more than six months prior. The primary safety outcomes included the incidence of adverse reactions, changes in CD4+ T-cell count, viral load, blood routine examination, liver and kidney function examination, blood sugar, and blood lipid examination. The pseudovirus-neutralizing antibody responses to the D614G variant, Delta variant, and Omicron variants BA.5 and BF.7 were evaluated before vaccination, 14 days, 28 days, 3 months, and 6 months after vaccination to evaluate the immune response of PLWH to the injection of inactivated vaccine booster and the safety of the vaccine. In conclusion, COVID-19 vaccine booster shots were effective in PLWH, resulting in an increase in the number of CD4+ T-cells, neutralizing antibodies that lasted up to six months, and higher levels of neutralizing antibodies lasting approximately 3 months. However, the vaccine protection against the two variants of BA.5 and BF.7 was significantly lower than that of D614G and Delta.

Immunogenicity and safety of inactivated SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccines in people living with HIV: A longitudinal cohort study

“…Through monitoring of CD4+, CD8+ T cell count and CD4/CD8 value, we found CD4+ T cell count and CD4/CD8 value increased greatly after the first and the second shot among HIV‐infected people with CD4+ T cell ≤350. This was correspondent with a previous published paper, in which the number of CD4+ T‐cells increased after vaccination among AIDS patients 11 . However, no significant change in CD4+, CD8+ T cell and CD4/CD8 value was found among samples collected in HIV‐negative group.…”

“…This was correspondent with a previous published paper, in which the number of CD4+ T-cells increased after vaccination among AIDS patients. 11 However, no significant change in CD4+, CD8+ T cell and CD4/CD8 value was found among samples collected in HIV-negative group. Although with effective cART, approximately 20% of all HIV-infected patients do not achieve optimal immune reconstitution despite suppression of viral replication.…”

“…CoronaVac contains 600SU inactivated SARS‐CoV‐2 antigen from the CZ02 strain grown in Vero, aluminum hydroxide as an adjuvant, and 0.5 mL per injection. Covilo was prepared using the SARS‐CoV‐2 19nCoV‐CDC‐Tan‐HB02 strain grown in Vero, contains 6.5 U inactivated SARS‐CoV‐2 antigen, aluminum hydroxide as an adjuvant, and 0.5 mL per injection 4,11,12 …”

“…Covilo was prepared using the SARS-CoV-2 19nCoV-CDC-Tan-HB02 strain grown in Vero, contains 6.5 U inactivated SARS-CoV-2 antigen, aluminum hydroxide as an adjuvant, and 0.5 mL per injection. 4,11,12…”

Immunogenicity and effectiveness of COVID-19 booster vaccination among people living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…For the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, in 13 studies ( 30 , 42 , 43 , 49 , 50 , 52 , 56 , 58 – 62 , 64 ) involving 1,136 PLWH who received a booster vaccination, the pooled IRR was 74.07% (95% CI, 58.83–89.30) ( Figure 3 ; Supplementary Table S5 ). The IRR after booster vaccination was similar (RR = 0.90, 95% CI, 0.80–1.00) between PLWH and HC in seven studies consisting of 696 PLWH and 547 HCs.…”