Safety and tolerance of Ester-C® compared with regular ascorbic acid

Gruenwald, Joerg; Graubaum, Hans‐Joachim; Busch, Regina; Bentley, Christine

doi:10.1007/bf02850358

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…In nutritional therapy, their nearly neutral pH can reduce acidity and improve bowel tolerance, while their unique structure may make them more readily absorbed and less rapidly excreted than other forms of ascorbic acid, which is conducive to providing optimal cellular concentration for biochemical activity. 7 Furthermore, the esterification of such a hydrophilic natural antioxidant is expected to produce esters with bifunctional 8 or amphipathic 9 -11 characteristics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of lipase‐catalysed synthesis of ascorbyl benzoate in cyclohexanone using response surface methodology

Chen

2008

J Sci Food Agric

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BACKGROUND: Compared with ascorbic acid, ascorbyl esters exhibit many advantages. Their biosynthesis in organic media has been widely studied owing to its many advantages over chemosynthesis. However, since the natural substrates of lipase are fatty acid triacylglycerols, few data are available on the lipase-catalysed esterification of ascorbic acid with aromatic acids. Furthermore, although many reports can be found on the biosynthesis of ascorbic acid with fatty acids, few deal with the interactions between important reaction factors. The aim of the present study was to optimise the biosynthesis process of ascorbic acid with an aromatic acid, benzoic acid, in cyclohexanone using a statistical approach and to investigate the interactions among variables.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of lipase‐catalysed synthesis of ascorbyl benzoate in cyclohexanone using response surface methodology

Chen

2008

J Sci Food Agric

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“…The butyrate and isobutyrate analog results suggest that increased biological activity is associated with its ester chemical characteristics; where many examples are seen in other commercial products like vitamin C, aspirin, cocaine, and other compounds. 22,23 Among the RV analogs, all stimulated SIRT1 human gene expression in a similar manner to RV except diacetate which improved SIRT1 levels by a significant 17% over RV at 180%. It has been reported that SIRT1 inhibits MMPs directly or indirectly that are known to break down collagen and ELN.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Human skin gene expression: Natural (trans) resveratrol versus five resveratrol analogs for dermal applications

Lephart

Andrus

2017

Exp Biol Med (Maywood)

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Resveratrol (RV) is a polyphenolic compound naturally produced by plants. Polyphenolic compounds incorporated into medicinal products are beneficial but, RV is rapidly metabolized with an associated decline in biological activity. This study tested RV as the standard and compared five structurally modified RV analogs: butyrate, isobutyrate, palmitoate, acetate, and diacetate (to improve functionality) at 1% concentration(s) for 24 h in epiderm full thickness cultures by gene array/qPCR mRNA analysis. When silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1, extracellular elements (collagen1A1, 3A1, 4A1; elastin, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1, fibrillin 1 laminin beta1 and matrix metalloproteinase 9), anti-aging and aging genes, inflammatory biomarkers (interleukin-1A [IL1A], IL1R2, IL-6 and IL-8), nerve growth factor, and the antioxidants (proliferating cell nuclear antigen, catalase, superoxide dismutase and metallothionein 1H/2H) were evaluated, ranking each from highest-to-lowest for gene expression: butyrate > isobutyrate > diacetate > acetate > palmitoate. This study showed that the butyrate and isobutyrate analogs are more biologically active compared to resveratrol and have potential use in topical applications to improve dermal and other health applications. Impact statement Resveratrol has been reported to have a wide variety of health benefits but its rapid metabolism especially after oral ingestion results in very low bioavailability. Notably, the first human skin gene expression study of resveratrol was not published until 2014. The purpose of this study was to determine if increased stability and biological activity could be obtained by modifying the chemical structure of natural (trans) resveratrol and quantifying human gene expression by qPCR of skin biomarkers that enhance dermal health. Five resveratrol analogs were synthesized that increased their lipophilic index to enhance tissue penetration and augment biological activities on the measured parameters that expand the current knowledge of structure/function relationships. The butyrate and isobutyrate modifications displayed gene expression values significantly above resveratrol and suggest that oral application of these and potentially other resveratrol analogs may yield similar results to improve stability and biological activity to benefit/address various disorders/diseases.

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“…Johnston and Luo [83], however, found no significant differences between Ester-C and ascorbic acid bioavailability in humans. Nevertheless, Ester-C has been shown to be better tolerated in individuals sensitive to acidic foods [97]. …”

Section: Vitamin C Bioavailability From Different Tablet Formulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthetic or Food-Derived Vitamin C—Are They Equally Bioavailable?

Carr

Vissers

2013

Nutrients

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Vitamin C (ascorbate) is an essential water-soluble micronutrient in humans and is obtained through the diet, primarily from fruits and vegetables. In vivo, vitamin C acts as a cofactor for numerous biosynthetic enzymes required for the synthesis of amino acid-derived macromolecules, neurotransmitters, and neuropeptide hormones, and is also a cofactor for various hydroxylases involved in the regulation of gene transcription and epigenetics. Vitamin C was first chemically synthesized in the early 1930s and since then researchers have been investigating the comparative bioavailability of synthetic versus natural, food-derived vitamin C. Although synthetic and food-derived vitamin C is chemically identical, fruit and vegetables are rich in numerous nutrients and phytochemicals which may influence its bioavailability. The physiological interactions of vitamin C with various bioflavonoids have been the most intensively studied to date. Here, we review animal and human studies, comprising both pharmacokinetic and steady-state designs, which have been carried out to investigate the comparative bioavailability of synthetic and food-derived vitamin C, or vitamin C in the presence of isolated bioflavonoids. Overall, a majority of animal studies have shown differences in the comparative bioavailability of synthetic versus natural vitamin C, although the results varied depending on the animal model, study design and body compartments measured. In contrast, all steady state comparative bioavailability studies in humans have shown no differences between synthetic and natural vitamin C, regardless of the subject population, study design or intervention used. Some pharmacokinetic studies in humans have shown transient and small comparative differences between synthetic and natural vitamin C, although these differences are likely to have minimal physiological impact. Study design issues and future research directions are discussed.

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Safety and tolerance of Ester-C® compared with regular ascorbic acid

Cited by 12 publications

References 9 publications

Study of lipase‐catalysed synthesis of ascorbyl benzoate in cyclohexanone using response surface methodology

Study of lipase‐catalysed synthesis of ascorbyl benzoate in cyclohexanone using response surface methodology

Human skin gene expression: Natural (trans) resveratrol versus five resveratrol analogs for dermal applications

Synthetic or Food-Derived Vitamin C—Are They Equally Bioavailable?

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