Safety aspects of fusion

Kazimi, Mujid S.

doi:10.1088/0029-5515/24/11/007

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Between 20 and 30% of radioactivity in the structural materials is associated with the first wall; and over 95% of it is in the first-wall/blanket components [69], The relative concentration of radioactivity in various candidate structural materials is shown in Figs. 10 and 11 [70]. It is clear that several materials provide a lower inventory of radioactivity than stainless steel; most notably the V-20% Ti alloy and the SiC ceramic which can be termed a low-activation material.…”

Section: Activation Products Of Fusion Reactorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…11. Radioactivity for reactors after two years of typical operation [70]. STARFIRE is a fusion reactor; the first wall and blanket structures from aluminum, steel and SiC.…”

Section: Activation Products Of Fusion Reactorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Blanket radioactivity levels after shutdown for different structural alloys; the neutron spectrum from fusion reactor UWMAK-I[70],…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Radioactivity and Fusion Energy

Kawamura

1995

Radiochimca Acta

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Radioactivity / Tritium / Thermonuclear fusion / Muon catalyzed fusion / Fusion neutrons SummaryNuclear fusion is expected to give an ultimate solution to energy problems over the long term. From recent progress in developing technology for fusion reactors, we can anticipate a prototype fusion reactor by 2030. This review article describes the present status of nuclear fusion research, including muon catalyzed fusion (μΟΡ) which attracts quite new physical interest. Tritium is an essential component of fusion reactors, because the first-stage fusion reactors will utilize a mixture of deuterium and tritium as their fuel. The knowledge about tritium as well as the fusionneutron induced radioactivity is summarized in terms of nuclear fusion research.

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Section: Activation Products Of Fusion Reactorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…11. Radioactivity for reactors after two years of typical operation [70]. STARFIRE is a fusion reactor; the first wall and blanket structures from aluminum, steel and SiC.…”

Section: Activation Products Of Fusion Reactorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Radioactivity and Fusion Energy

Kawamura

1995

Radiochimca Acta

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“…A number of studies carried out during the past decade (see, e.g., Kazimi, 1984: ESECOM, 1989: Conn et al, 1990 have shown that even if the design of the first wall and blanket is based on the existing structural materials like stainless steel, then the induced radioactivity in a reactor-tokamak is still a few times less than in a fission reactor of a comparable power. This can be illustrated by Fig.…”

Section: Time After Shutdown (S)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental aspects of fusion energy

Rytov¹

1992

Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion

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The paper contains a brief description of the present situation with world energy production in conjunction with its environmental impact, discussion of environmental acceptability of the future fusion reactors, comparison of the environmental problems of fusion reactors with those of the competing future energy sources (fission, solar) and some speculations on the time-scale and optimum strategy of fusion development. The conclusion reached is that controlled thermonuclear fusion is one of very few energy technologies that can (potentially) satisfy severe constraints imposed by the requirements of environmental acceptability and, at the same time, provide a considerable fraction of the haseload generation.In recognition of fusion as environmentally benign energy source, the extremely important role of ITER is emphasized.

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Nuclear fusion: luxurious mirage of a long-term future energy option?

Zolti

1999

Int. J. Energy Res.

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The original vision of controlled thermonuclear fusion as the ideal solution of the energy problems of the mankind collides with the reality of a dramatically expensive research with too long‐term, too uncertain and too limited perspectives. After more than four decades of scientific and technical research, other five decades would be required to commercialization of fusion reactors according to the constant projections the fusion community has been reiterating since the 1980s. However, alone, the huge cost/progress ratio of the attempts of the last 20 years to develop just one ‘next‐step’ experiment and the resulting 10 billion proposal with still unresolved basic engineering/technology problems and highly uncertain physics objectives; this cannot support the anticipated rate of progress. Furthermore, due to their nuclear nature, their inherent large (GWe) size and the very complex and sophisticated technologies, fusion power plants would be strongly limited in meeting ecological, economical and political/social requirements of a future energy mix and in fitting into the already growing trend towards liberalization and restructuring of the energy market. These limitations are increasingly undermining the justification of the immense resources dedicated to research and development of fusion and its attractiveness as a virtually unlimited energy source, particularly in comparison with emerging non‐nuclear systems such as those based on fuel cells. Operated initially with natural gas‐ or coal gas‐derived hydrogen and ultimately with renewable hydrogen, fuel cells (in particular the high‐temperature ones) are becoming the focus of interest for applications in decentralized power and combined heat and power plants, in centralized power stations in the MW range and in the transport sector. Adequately supported, fuel cell technologies can be expected to be commercially established before a hypothetical demonstration of the scientific feasibility of fusion. After a brief review of the historical evolution of major fusion plans, in particular of the next‐step projects in Europe, this paper discusses critically the above mentioned aspects of fusion, addressing primarily the most advanced concept, the ‘tokamak’. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Safety aspects of fusion

Cited by 11 publications

References 36 publications

Radioactivity and Fusion Energy

Radioactivity and Fusion Energy

Environmental aspects of fusion energy

Nuclear fusion: luxurious mirage of a long-term future energy option?

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