Safety Belt and Occupant Factors Influencing Thoracic &amp; amp; Upper Abdominal Injuries in Frontal Crashes

Lu, Huizhen; Andreen, Margaret; Faust, Daniel; Furton, Lisa; Holcombe, Sven A.; Kohoyda-Inglis, Carla; Putala, Brian; Yee, Jack K.; Wang, Stewart

doi:10.4271/2011-01-1129

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The vehicle cabin model and three-point seatbelt (model number 100112_V1.0) were developed by Livemore Software Technology Corporation (LSTC) [12]. In the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) test report, load limiters for drivers and front-seat passengers were identical at approximately 5 kN [13]. Forman et al reported that vehicle occupants with a 5 kN load limiter, without an airbag, could experience multiple rib fractures [14].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Seat Condition on Abdominal Injuries to Vehicle Occupants in Frontal Impact Accidents

Matsui

Oikawa

2018

Applied Sciences

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Vehicle occupants were killed in 33% of all traffic accidents in Japan in 2017. Of the vehicles in vehicle-to-vehicle accidents, 54% were impacted from the front. In frontal impact accidents, when the lap belt moves away from the iliac crests of the pelvis of a vehicle occupant, the belt moves directly into the abdomen. Here, we investigated causes of abdominal injuries to vehicle occupants, because the abdomen is associated with the highest rates of severe injury and fatality. The purpose of this study was to clarify the correlation between downward movement of the seat and of the lap belt away from the iliac crests of a human occupant of a car, in the event of a frontal impact. We investigated this phenomenon by conducting simulations using an anthropomorphic 50th percentile male (AM50) human model wearing a three-point seatbelt. We set two deformable seat conditions: Vertical movement and lean forward movement. Our results revealed that the lap belt came off from both of the iliac crests during lean forward movement but only from one of the iliac crests during vertical movement. We concluded that abdominal injuries can be caused by downward movement together with forward rotation in the seat during vehicle-to-vehicle frontal impacts.Abstract: Vehicle occupants were killed in 33% of all traffic accidents in Japan in 2017. Of the vehicles in vehicle-to-vehicle accidents, 54% were impacted from the front. In frontal impact accidents, when the lap belt moves away from the iliac crests of the pelvis of a vehicle occupant, the belt moves directly into the abdomen. Here, we investigated causes of abdominal injuries to vehicle occupants, because the abdomen is associated with the highest rates of severe injury and fatality. The purpose of this study was to clarify the correlation between downward movement of the seat and of the lap belt away from the iliac crests of a human occupant of a car, in the event of a frontal impact. We investigated this phenomenon by conducting simulations using an anthropomorphic 50th percentile male (AM50) human model wearing a three-point seatbelt. We set two deformable seat conditions: Vertical movement and lean forward movement. Our results revealed that the lap belt came off from both of the iliac crests during lean forward movement but only from one of the iliac crests during vertical movement. We concluded that abdominal injuries can be caused by downward movement together with forward rotation in the seat during vehicle-to-vehicle frontal impacts.seating conditions. Furthermore, in the future, it is necessary to develop a design of a seat or a seat belt, such that the seat does not rotate during frontal impact. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, Y.M.; investigation, S.O.; writing-original draft, Y.M.; writing-review and editing, S.O.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Seat Condition on Abdominal Injuries to Vehicle Occupants in Frontal Impact Accidents

Matsui

Oikawa

2018

Applied Sciences

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“…Hence, the value of the normal force "N", described by (17), is compared with the one obtained by solving the system given by relations ( 4) and (5).…”

Section: Determining the Normal Force Of Action Through Elastic-plast...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The seatbelt provides initial restraint to the occupant body from the beginning of a collision, while the airbag can distribute the restraining load over the chest. Accident data analysis shows a benefit of seatbelt load limiters in frontal collisions, and a load limiter value of 4 kN has been proposed to achieve a good balance with the airbag [17][18][19].…”

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confidence: 99%

Force in Cable of Pretensioner Tube—A Possibility of Car Accident Reconstruction

Soica

2024

Applied Sciences

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The reconstruction of traffic accidents has grown as an interdisciplinary field, encompassing bodies of research from automotive engineering, traffic and transport engineering, biomechanics, and forensic sciences. In this work, a method is proposed by which the value of the force in the safety belt buckle can be determined provided the belt buckle is equipped with a pretensioning system with a pyrotechnic trigger in the pretensioner tube, PBP—Pyrotechnical Buckle Pretensioner, or PLP—Pyrotechnical Lap Pretensioner type. The anti-return system of the pretensioner mechanism, which prevents the passenger’s body from moving forward, contains a set of balls that block the movement of the piston in the pretensioner tube after its activation. When limiting the movement, the force the human body exerts on the safety belt webbing is transformed into the deformation of the pretensioner tube by the balls of the anti-return system. Depending on the magnitude of the force, the marks left by the balls differ. This is an alternative method for determining the force that occurs in a seatbelt and causes injury to the occupants of a vehicle. The advantage of this method is that the force in the seatbelt buckle cable can be determined relatively quickly and accurately by analyzing the deformations in the pretensioner tube, without a need for expensive laboratory equipment. The limitation of the model resides in the consideration of a static system with rigid bodies. The correlation between the normal force causing the deformation of the tube and the force in the belt buckle cable is obtained by means of a mechanical model that explains the operation of the anti-return system. By comparing the values of the normal force given by the proposed model and the elastoplastic model, a good correlation is found. Finally, a regression curve is determined to help the expert in approximating the force in the buckle cable depending on the deformation size in the pretensioner tube. The value of this force also enables biomechanical or medical specialists to correlate the degree of injury to occupants of a vehicle depending on the force in the seatbelt.

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Force in Cable of Pretensioner Tube – A Method of Car Accident Reconstruction

Soica

2024

Preprint

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The reconstruction of traffic accidents has grown as an interdisciplinary field since the first accident occurred. Various methods have been developed over time, starting with primary data collected at the scene of the accident. In this work, I proposed a method by which the value of the force in the safety belt buckle can be determined when it is equipped with a pretensioning system with pyrotechnic trigger in the tube, PBP or PLP type. The anti-return system of the pretensioner mechanism, which prevents the passenger's body from moving forward, contains a set of balls that block the movement of the piston in the pretensioner tube after its activation. When limiting the movement, the force the human body exerts on the safety belt webbing is transformed into the deformation of the pretensioner tube by the balls of the anti-return system. Depending on the magnitude of the force, the marks left by the balls differ. I propose a relationship of dependence between the acting force and the deformation of the tube. An experimental test bench was created to perform shock traction tests on the pre-tensioning system, under similar conditions to those of the human body acting on the belt in case of a frontal collision. Following the tests, the force value of the seat belt buckle cable and the diameter of the spherical indentations that the balls left in the pretensioner tube were measured. A mathematical model was proposed to determine the normal force with which a ball from the anti-return system deforms the tube. The normal force was also determined by two other methods specific to contact mechanics and used in the specialized literature. By comparing the normal forces obtained by the three methods, a good correlation between the proposed mathematical model and the Komvopoulos-Ye method resulted, the "Hardness" method not being suitable for this study. The determined polynomial regression curve allows finding out the force in the cable of the closer depending on the size of the deformations produced by the balls in the tube. The forces in the belt webbing can be thus determined and biomechanics specialists can evaluate the injuries to the chest and abdomen of the occupants of a vehicle.

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Safety Belt and Occupant Factors Influencing Thoracic & amp; Upper Abdominal Injuries in Frontal Crashes

Cited by 5 publications

References 11 publications

Effect of Seat Condition on Abdominal Injuries to Vehicle Occupants in Frontal Impact Accidents

Effect of Seat Condition on Abdominal Injuries to Vehicle Occupants in Frontal Impact Accidents

Force in Cable of Pretensioner Tube—A Possibility of Car Accident Reconstruction

Force in Cable of Pretensioner Tube – A Method of Car Accident Reconstruction

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