Safety considerations during prescription of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), through a review of systematic reviews

doi:10.23938/assn.0965

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Despite their widespread use, long-term exposure to NSAIDs can lead to serious cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction and stroke, as well as gastrointestinal damage, including bleeding, ulceration, and perforation, which can be fatal. Additionally, kidney injury, hepatotoxicity, and other relatively minor adverse effects may occur [ 46 ].…”

Section: Galactose For Drug Deliverymentioning

confidence: 99%

Galactose: A Versatile Vector Unveiling the Potentials in Drug Delivery, Diagnostics, and Theranostics

Battisegola,

Billi,

Molaro

et al. 2024

Pharmaceuticals

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D-galactose, a simple natural compound, has been investigated as a powerful scaffold for drug delivery, diagnostics, and theranostics due to its distinctive properties and interactions with specific cell receptors. In the field of drug delivery, galactose functions as a ligand to selectively target cells expressing galactose receptors, such as hepatocytes, macrophages, and specific cancer cells. The direct attachment of galactose to the main drug or to drug-loaded nanoparticles or liposomes enhances cellular uptake, thereby improving drug delivery to the intended target cells. Galactose has also been found to be useful in diagnostics. Specifically, diagnostic tests based on galactose, such as the galactose elimination capacity test, are utilized to evaluate liver function and assess liver disease as well as hepatic functional reserve. Additionally, galactose-based theranostic agents can be designed by combining drug delivery and diagnostic capabilities. This review is an update of our previous review concerning the broad spectrum of possibilities for exploiting D-galactose as a vector for prodrug design and the synthetic strategies that allow its realization, jointly in diagnostics and theranostics, to highlight the versatility of this interesting vector.

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Section: Galactose For Drug Deliverymentioning

confidence: 99%

Galactose: A Versatile Vector Unveiling the Potentials in Drug Delivery, Diagnostics, and Theranostics

Battisegola,

Billi,

Molaro

et al. 2024

Pharmaceuticals

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“…The top five causes of hospital admissions include serious complications related to the use of these drugs [ 25 ]. This is especially true for over-the-counter drugs from the group of Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) [ 13 ], which are responsible for approximately 25% of all drug-related complications [ 10 , 26 , 27 , 28 ].…”

Section: Health Risks Associated With the Use Of Otc Medicinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The reason is the alarmingly growing number of poisonings related to paracetamol use, among others [ 14 , 29 , 30 ]. Poland is negatively distinguished by, among other things, no limitation in the number of drug packages or doses sold outside pharmacies, especially non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and paracetamol [ 7 , 12 , 28 , 29 , 31 ]. Requirements for the composition, pharmaceutical form, strength, and content of the active substances in the packaging of a medicinal product or the packaging size of a medicinal product for medicinal products that may be authorized for non-pharmacy marketing are specified in annexes 2 and 3 to the regulation of the minister of health of 21 December 2021 on the list of medicinal products which may be admitted to trading in non-pharmacy outlets and pharmacy outlets, and the criteria for classifying these products to individual lists [ 10 , 11 ].…”

Section: Health Risks Associated With the Use Of Otc Medicinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Over-the-Counter Medicines Market in Poland

Lasota

Mirowska‐Guzel

Goniewicz

2022

IJERPH

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The market of over-the-counter drugs, so-called OTC drugs, is a dynamically developing market driven primarily by self-medication. Their use does not require consultation with a physician, and the patients themselves decide to take them. The distribution of OTC medications in the pharmaceutical market in Poland is diversified. These drugs could be purchased at a pharmacy but also at a supermarket, gas station, or via the internet. The low involvement of public funds in spending on drugs, a relatively small percentage of pharmacy sales of reimbursable prescription drugs, and the difficult access to physicians or general consent to drug advertising all create ideal conditions for creating demand for these drugs. Among the European countries, Poland also has the largest share of OTC drugs in the entire pharmaceutical market, and the percentage of OTCs (without supplements) in the whole drug market in Poland continues to grow. Unfortunately, the non-pharmacy market for the sale of OTC drugs is not adequately controlled in practice, and Polish legal regulations regarding the sale of medicines outside pharmacies are among the most liberal in the European Union. However, this does not change the general attitude of consumers toward purchasing OTC drugs. In fact, further growth of the OTC drug market is forecast. Self-medication will undoubtedly play an important role in the trends which may shape this market in the coming years.

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“…Following this classification, extensive research conducted for the synthesis of selective COX-2 inhibitors and several drugs including celecoxib and rofecoxib were marketed [ 4 , 5 ]. Compared to traditional NSAIDs, these drugs had fewer gastrointestinal side effects [ 6 – 8 ], but after a short time, it was reported that they caused cardiovascular side effects such as thrombosis, myocardial infarction, and cardiac dysfunction [ 9 – 13 ]. The proposed mechanism for these effects is the inhibition of prostacyclin production in vessels which mediate platelet activation and atherogenesis [ 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the antinociceptive effects of a selection of triazine derivatives in mice

et al. 2022

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Background: The authors showed in a previous study that some novel triazine derivatives had an anti-inflammatory effect. The present study was designed to evaluate the antinociceptive effect of five out of nine compounds including two vanillintriazine (5c and 5d) and three phenylpyrazole-triazine (10a, 10b, 10e) derivatives which showed the best anti-inflammatory effect. Methods: Male Swiss mice (25-30 g) were used. To assess the antinociceptive effect, acetic acid-writhing, formalin, and hot plate tests were used after intraperitoneal injection of each compound. Results: All compounds significantly (P < 0.001) reduced acetic acid-induced writhing at tested doses (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg). Also, the percent inhibition of writhing in the acetic acid test showed that at the maximum tested dose of these compounds (200 mg/kg), the order of potencies is as follows: 10b > 10a > 10e > 5d > 5c. In the formalin test, compounds 5d, 10a, and 10e showed an antinociceptive effect in the acute phase and all compounds were effective in the chronic phase. In the hot plate test, compounds 5c, 5d, and 10a demonstrated an antinociceptive effect. Conclusions: The results clearly showed that both vanillin-triazine and phenylpyrazole-triazine derivatives had an antinociceptive effect. Also, some compounds which showed activity in the early phase of formalin test as well as in the hot plate test could control acute pain in addition to chronic or inflammatory pain.

show abstract

Safety considerations during prescription of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), through a review of systematic reviews

Cited by 13 publications

References 40 publications

Galactose: A Versatile Vector Unveiling the Potentials in Drug Delivery, Diagnostics, and Theranostics

Galactose: A Versatile Vector Unveiling the Potentials in Drug Delivery, Diagnostics, and Theranostics

The Over-the-Counter Medicines Market in Poland

Evaluation of the antinociceptive effects of a selection of triazine derivatives in mice

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