Safety of Unsaturated Vitamin E Tocotrienols and Their Isomers

Schauss, Alexander G.; Endres, John R.; Clewell, Amy E.

doi:10.1201/b12502-3

Cited by 8 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…Tocopherol interferes with tocotrienol benefits. Annatto stands out as a superior tocotrienol source because of its unique composition of 90% d-tocotrienol and 10% c-tocotrienol, without any tocopherols (Schauss et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These compounds are made of a group of four amphipathic molecules (a-, b-, c-and d-) that differ in the number and position of methyl groups on the chromanol rings (Aggarwal et al, 2010;Schauss et al, 2013). Tocotrienols are present in only a very small number of plants and are especially abundant in rice bran, palm oil and annatto seeds, for which the ratio of tocopherol-to-tocotrienol in each is 50:50, 25:75 and 0.1:99.9, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Obtaining annatto seed oil miniemulsions by ultrasonication using aqueous extract from Brazilian ginseng roots as a biosurfactant

María

Silva

Santos

et al. 2016

Journal of Food Engineering

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a b s t r a c tThe purpose of this study was to produce an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion of d-tocotrienol-rich oil obtained from annatto seeds by a supercritical fluid extraction process. The effects of emulsification by ultrasound (US) were evaluated and compared to emulsification by dispax reactor (DR) at similar energy densities. Saponin-rich extract from Brazilian ginseng roots (BGR) was obtained from BGR by pressurized liquid extraction and used as a biosurfactant. A model O/W emulsion system was prepared with soybean oil and commercial saponin. The influence of the emulsification process, energy density, oil type, biosurfactant type and biosurfactant concentration on the size and stability of the resulting droplets was examined through the experimental design and proper statistical analysis. The results showed that US produced more stable emulsion with smaller droplet sizes in comparison with the DR device at the same energy density. In general, increasing the energy density helped to reduce the emulsion droplet size. The minimum average droplet size observed in the mini-emulsions was 0.35 lm. The data show that both biosurfactants were capable of forming emulsions containing relatively small droplets (<0.83 lm) andwere rather stable (96-99%), with some creaming. The emulsion droplets also showed a surface potential of approximately À49 mV because of the adsorbed biosurfactants, which minimized the flocculation of the oil droplets. These results indicate that BGR-extracted saponin might be an attractive biosurfactant choice for emulsion formulations for use in food and beverage products.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obtaining annatto seed oil miniemulsions by ultrasonication using aqueous extract from Brazilian ginseng roots as a biosurfactant

María

Silva

Santos

et al. 2016

Journal of Food Engineering

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“…A 100% loss of vitamin E was observed in both commercial vitamin E-containing tablets (Figure 3). Vitamin E deterioration during storage might be due to some extrinsic factors such as heat, light or air that might have caused oxidation of the vitamin (Schauss et al, 2012).…”

Section: Vitamin E Retentionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PALM-BASED VITAMIN E (tocotrienol-rich fraction) HAS EXCELLENT STABILITY IN CHEWABLE TABLET AFTER ONE-YEAR OF STORAGE AT AMBIENT TEMPERATURE

Dian¹

2019

JOPR

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Palm oil is a good source of micronutrients (sometimes called phytonutrients as they are plant-based). The micronutrients constitute about 1% of crude palm oil. Vitamin E is the most abundant micronutrient of palm oil. Other prevalent micronutrients found in palm oil are carotenes, phytosterols, squalene, coenzyme Q 10 (ubiquinone), phospholipids (lecithin) and polyphenols. Palm-based vitamin E, also known as tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) has been used as a dietary supplement in the form of soft gel capsules, but there is relatively little information about its contribution when processed into a chewable tablet. Stability of the micronutrient during storage is a critical factor to be considered. Based on the general instability of vitamins, endogenous and added vitamins can suffer substantial losses during storage prior to consumption. The retention of vitamin E in the palm-based TRF chewable tablet after one-year storage at ambient temperature was 92.6%. The excellent retention of vitamin E in the chewable tablet was most plausible due to the use of powdered (microencapsulated) palm-based TRF which managed to protect the bioactive component from direct exposure to chemical and physical reactions, thus protecting the bioactive ingredient from degradation. This study indicates that powdered palm-based TRF has good stability during storage and it can be effectively delivered via a chewable tablet form to consumers.

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“…The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) published a statement in 2008 to confirm the absence of safety concern with the use of T3 up to 1000 mg per day (EFSA, 2008). Besides, palm TRF was also recognised by the US Food and Drug Administration by obtaining the Generally Recognised as Safe (GRAS) status in 2010 (Schauss et al, 2012). Referring to the recommendation by IOM on vitamin E intake, a tolerable upper intake of up to 1000 mg a-T per day is considered safe for adults (Institute of Medicine, 2000).…”

Section: Ramdomised (N=32) (16 Males and 16 Females)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…alpha (a-), beta (b-), gamma (g-) and delta (d-), named according to the number and position of methyl groups attached to the chromanol ring (Schauss et al, 2012). Numerous studies showed that T3 possess many unique functions such as neuroprotective (Khanna et al, 2005), cholesterol lowering (Qureshi et al, 1997), anti-hypertensive (Newaz and Nawal, 1999), immunomodulatory (Mahalingam et al, 2011), and cardioprotective (Schauss et al, 2012), which are beneficial to different health conditions such as cancer, type 2 diabetes mellitus and stroke.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety Assessment of Tocotrienol Supplementat Ion in Subjects With Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomised Control Trial

Gan¹,

Lai²,

Chew³

et al. 2016

JOPR

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Safety of Unsaturated Vitamin E Tocotrienols and Their Isomers

Cited by 8 publications

References 69 publications

Obtaining annatto seed oil miniemulsions by ultrasonication using aqueous extract from Brazilian ginseng roots as a biosurfactant

Obtaining annatto seed oil miniemulsions by ultrasonication using aqueous extract from Brazilian ginseng roots as a biosurfactant

PALM-BASED VITAMIN E (tocotrienol-rich fraction) HAS EXCELLENT STABILITY IN CHEWABLE TABLET AFTER ONE-YEAR OF STORAGE AT AMBIENT TEMPERATURE

Safety Assessment of Tocotrienol Supplementat Ion in Subjects With Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomised Control Trial

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