Safety of Water Used in Food Production

Bhagwat, Vinod R

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816333-7.00009-6

Cited by 45 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…One of the main principles of preventing food from being contaminated by heavy metals is to ensure the lowest possible levels of contamination in food by implementing good work practices and safe agricultural and irrigation practices [125]. Establishing maximum limit guidelines and legislation and adhering to these guidelines are also greatly beneficial [126]. However, this may not always be practical and feasible in instances where rural communities rely on naturally grown aquatic plants [127,128].…”

Section: Mitigation Of Heavy Metal Accumulation In Rice and Aquatic Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heavy Metal Accumulation in Rice and Aquatic Plants Used as Human Food: A General Review

Uddin

Zakeel

Zavahir

et al. 2021

Toxics

104

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Aquatic ecosystems are contaminated with heavy metals by natural and anthropogenic sources. Whilst some heavy metals are necessary for plants as micronutrients, others can be toxic to plants and humans even in trace concentrations. Among heavy metals, cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg) cause significant damage to aquatic ecosystems and can invariably affect human health. Rice, a staple diet of many nations, and other aquatic plants used as vegetables in many countries, can bioaccumulate heavy metals when they grow in contaminated aquatic environments. These metals can enter the human body through food chains, and the presence of heavy metals in food can lead to numerous human health consequences. Heavy metals in aquatic plants can affect plant physicochemical functions, growth, and crop yield. Various mitigation strategies are being continuously explored to avoid heavy metals entering aquatic ecosystems. Understanding the levels of heavy metals in rice and aquatic plants grown for food in contaminated aquatic environments is important. Further, it is imperative to adopt sustainable management approaches and mitigation mechanisms. Although narrowly focused reviews exist, this article provides novel information for improving our understanding about heavy metal accumulation in rice and aquatic plants, addressing the gaps in literature.

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Section: Mitigation Of Heavy Metal Accumulation In Rice and Aquatic Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heavy Metal Accumulation in Rice and Aquatic Plants Used as Human Food: A General Review

Uddin

Zakeel

Zavahir

et al. 2021

Toxics

104

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“…The maintenance of colour stability during storage could be due to the relatively low RH (23%) used during this study. Initiation of browning (Maillard) reactions takes place when water activity (aw) was above 0.2 (20% RH), whereas at 0.6 aw (RH 60%), the reaction rates reached their peak [ 23 ]. Therefore, the rate of this type of reaction was considerably low at the RH used in this study (23%).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the same time, oxidation reactions were reduced as aw was decreased in a food product. However, when aw was below 0.4 (RH 40%), the reaction rates begin to increase again, and, therefore, at an RH of 23%, it can be substantially high [ 23 ]. As it is illustrated in Table 2 , the L* values of the different FFMPs prior to accelerated storage were not significantly ( p > 0.05) different.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Carnosol, Carnosic Acid and Rosmarinic Acid on the Oxidative Stability of Fat-Filled Milk Powders throughout Accelerated Oxidation Storage

et al. 2021

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The in vitro antioxidant effects of the most potent antioxidants of rosemary, namely carnosol, carnosic acid and rosmarinic acid (c: ca: ra) were assessed in fat-filled milk powders (FFMPs) under accelerated conditions (40 °C and relative humidity (RH) 23%) over 90 days. Lipid oxidation was assessed in FFMPs by measuring peroxide values (PVs), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and aroma volatiles using headspace (HS) solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antioxidant potency of c: ca: ra exhibited a concentration-related effect (308 ppm > 200 ppm > 77 ppm), with the highest concentration being the most effective at controlling the formation of TBARS and PVs. At a concentration of 308 ppm c: ca: ra were particularly effective (p < 0.05) in inhibiting all the evaluated oxidation indices (primary and secondary) compared to the control samples, but in some cases less effectively (p < 0.05) than butylated hydroxyanisole: butylated hydroxytoluene (BHA: BHT) (200 ppm).

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“…There are various sources of contamination along the water transport chain, including physical (heavy metal particles), chemical (pesticides), and biological contaminants (microorganisms or their toxins; Bhagwat, 2019). Bacterial biofilms in water distribution systems, plumbing systems, and the last meters before water retrieval, e.g., water hoses, have recently been receiving particular attention (Carpentier and Cerf, 1993;Ren et al, 2015;Husband et al, 2016; Frontiers in Microbiology | www.frontiersin.org 2 February 2022 | Volume 13 | Article 832213 Neu et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biofilms in Water Hoses of a Meat Processing Environment Harbor Complex Microbial Communities

Voglauer¹,

Zwirzitz²,

Thalguter³

et al. 2022

Front. Microbiol.

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Safe and hygienic water distribution is essential for maintaining product quality and safety. It is known that biofilms alter the appearance and microbial quality of water along the distribution chain. Yet, biofilms in water hoses throughout the food processing environment have not been investigated in detail. Here, microbial communities from water hoses and other environmental sites in contact with water, in addition to the source water itself, were studied in the meat processing environment. Biofilms were present in all water hoses as determined by the presence of bacterial DNA and biofilm matrix components (carbohydrates, extracellular DNA, and proteins). The microbial community of the biofilms was dominated by Proteobacteria, represented mainly by Comamonadaceae and Pseudoxanthomonas. Moreover, genera that are associated with an intracellular lifestyle (e.g., Neochlamydia and Legionella) were present. Overall, the microbial community of biofilms was less diverse than the water microbial community, while those from the different sample sites were distinct from each other. Indeed, only a few phyla were shared between the water hose biofilm and the source water or associated environmental samples. This study provides first insights towards understanding the microbiota of water hose biofilms in the food processing environment.

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Safety of Water Used in Food Production

Cited by 45 publications

References 28 publications

Heavy Metal Accumulation in Rice and Aquatic Plants Used as Human Food: A General Review

Heavy Metal Accumulation in Rice and Aquatic Plants Used as Human Food: A General Review

The Effect of Carnosol, Carnosic Acid and Rosmarinic Acid on the Oxidative Stability of Fat-Filled Milk Powders throughout Accelerated Oxidation Storage

Biofilms in Water Hoses of a Meat Processing Environment Harbor Complex Microbial Communities

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