Safety segregation: The importance of gender, race, and ethnicity on workplace risk

Leeth, John D.; Ruser, John W.

doi:10.1007/s10888-005-9008-2

Cited by 20 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…An increase of the fraction of women (4.7 % for the years 1953-1989; 8.5% for 1990-1999; 10.3% for 2000-2005) was also observed on Everest (Huey et al, 2007). The values given for other time periods for the Nepalese Himalayas (10.2% females for the period 1970-2010; Westhoff et al, 2012) and Everest (7.8% females for the time period 1921-2006Firth et al, 2008) fit into this general trend.…”

Section: Human Factorsmentioning

confidence: 56%

Fatalities in High Altitude Mountaineering: A Review of Quantitative Risk Estimates

Weinbruch¹,

Nordby

2013

High Altitude Medicine & Biology

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Quantitative estimates for mortality in high altitude mountaineering are reviewed. Special emphasis is placed on the heterogeneity of the risk estimates and on confounding. Crude estimates for mortality are on the order of 1/1000 to 40/1000 persons above base camp, for both expedition members and high altitude porters. High altitude porters have mostly a lower risk than expedition members (risk ratio for all Nepalese peaks requiring an expedition permit: 0.73; 95 % confidence interval 0.59-0.89). The summit bid is generally the most dangerous part of an expedition for members, whereas most high altitude porters die during route preparation. On 8000 m peaks, the mortality during descent from summit varies between 4/1000 and 134/1000 summiteers (members plus porters). The risk estimates are confounded by human and environmental factors. Information on confounding by gender and age is contradictory and requires further work. There are indications for safety segregation of men and women, with women being more risk averse than men. Citizenship appears to be a significant confounder. Prior high altitude mountaineering experience in Nepal has no protective effect. Commercial expeditions in the Nepalese Himalayas have a lower mortality than traditional expeditions, though after controlling for confounding, the difference is not statistically significant. The overall mortality is increasing with increasing peak altitude for expedition members but not for high altitude porters. In the Nepalese Himalayas and in Alaska, a significant decrease of mortality with calendar year was observed. A few suggestions for further work are made at the end of the article.

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Section: Human Factorsmentioning

confidence: 56%

Fatalities in High Altitude Mountaineering: A Review of Quantitative Risk Estimates

Weinbruch¹,

Nordby

2013

High Altitude Medicine & Biology

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“…Number of family members and marital status have been used in some studies as proxies for risk preferences (Leeth and Ruser, 2006;DeLeire and Levy, 2004). Size of the family and risk are expected to be negatively correlated.…”

Section: Explanatory Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, inequalities in lifetime levels of wealth -supposedly lower for immigrantsmay explain differences in willingness to bear risk, i.e., immigrants or ethnic minorities would be more likely to accept and to be employed in high-risk jobs (Robinson, 1984;Viscusi, 2003;Leeth and Ruser, 2006). Immigrants and non-immigrants might also differ in terms of market opportunities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Immigrants and non-immigrants might also differ in terms of market opportunities. In several studies, it has been observed that the wages paid to compensate fatality risk differ among countries of origin, and that these variations may arise from discrimination, from unmeasured productivity differences (Akhavan, 2006;Leeth and Ruser, 2006) or from lower safety-related productivity arising from language barriers (Hersch and Viscusi 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Disparities in work, risk and health between immigrants and native-born Spaniards

Solé

Díaz-Serrano

Rodrı́guez

2013

Social Science & Medicine

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We analyse the impact of working and contractual conditions, particularly exposure to job risks, on the probability of acquiring a permanent disability, controlling for other personal and firm characteristics. We postulate a model in which this impact is mediated by the choice of occupation, with a level of risk associated with it. We assume this choice is endogenous, and that it depends on preferences and opportunities in the labour market, both of which may differ between immigrants and natives. To test this hypothesis we apply a bivariate probit model to data for 2006 from the Continuous Sample of Working Lives provided by the Spanish Social Security system, containing records for over a million workers. We find that risk exposure increases the probability of permanent disability -arising from any cause -by almost 5%. Temporary employment and low-skilled jobs also have a positive impact. Increases in education reduce the likelihood of disability, even after controlling for the impact of education on the choice of (lower) risk. Females have a greater probability of becoming disabled. Migrant status -with differences among regions of origin -significantly affects both disability and the probability of being employed in a high-risk occupation. In spite of immigrants' working conditions being objectively worse, they exhibit a lower probability of becoming disabled than natives because the impact of such conditions on disability is much smaller in their case. Time elapsed since first enrolment in the Social Security system increases the probability of disability in a proportion similar to that of natives, which is consistent with the immigrant assimilation hypothesis. We finally conclude that our theoretical hypothesis that disability and risk are jointly determined is only valid for natives and not valid for immigrants, in the sense that, for them, working conditions are not a matter of choice in terms of health. There is no conflict of interest. *Cover PageResearch highlights  Risk exposure, temporary employment and low-skill jobs have a substantial positive effect on the probability of disability. The presence of immigrants in the three unhealthy working conditions is relatively higher than that of natives. Immigrants are less likely to become disabled; in part because the impact of the work variables is smaller in their case. There are some differences among immigrants by region of origin, calling for caution to avoid over generalisation. AbstractWe analyse the impact of working and contractual conditions, particularly exposure to job risks, on the probability of acquiring a permanent disability, controlling for other personal and firm characteristics. We postulate a model in which this impact is mediated by the choice of occupation, with a level of risk associated with it. We assume this choice is endogenous, and that it depends on preferences and opportunities in the labour market, both of which may differ between immigrants and natives. To test this hypothesis we apply a bivariate probit mode...

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“…For instance, in the United States -the country most widely studied (Ahonen and Benavides 2008), early studies found that immigrants generally endured lower work injury rates than natives (Berger andGabriel 1991, Hamermesh 1998). However, more recent studies suggest that immigrants, especially Hispanics, endure higher work injury rates than natives (Loh and Richardson 2004, Leeth and Ruser 2006, Orrenius and Zavodny 2009. The evidence for other nations is rather scarce and varies widely from country to country.…”

Section: Work Injuries and Fatalities By Nativity And Over The Econommentioning

confidence: 99%

On the differential impact of the recent economic downturn on work safety by nativity: the Spanish experience

Amuedo‐Dorantes

Borra

2013

IZA J Migration

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This paper explores differences in work injury and fatality rates between immigrants and natives and how they may have been impacted by the recent economic downturn. Our focus is on Spain over the 2001-2010 decade -a period of time during which Spain received one of the largest immigrant inflows of any developed economy and subsequently experienced a recession that has raised national unemployment rates above 20 percent. We find that immigrants worked in riskier jobs than natives during this high immigration period. Furthermore, the recession appears to have exclusively reduced job injury rates, but not fatality rates, among the average immigrant -hinting on their misreporting due to fear of dismissal as the primary cause for the observed decline. Overall, the figures are suggestive of work safety inequalities that may be important to address. JEL codes: J61, J81

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Safety segregation: The importance of gender, race, and ethnicity on workplace risk

Abstract: economic inequality, employment conditions, fatalities, hedonic equilibrium, non-fatal injuries, Oaxaca decomposition, occupational choice, standardized injury rates, workplace safety,

Cited by 20 publications

References 32 publications

Fatalities in High Altitude Mountaineering: A Review of Quantitative Risk Estimates

Fatalities in High Altitude Mountaineering: A Review of Quantitative Risk Estimates

Disparities in work, risk and health between immigrants and native-born Spaniards

On the differential impact of the recent economic downturn on work safety by nativity: the Spanish experience

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