Safety, surveillance and policing in the night-time economy: (Re)turning to numbers

Brands, Jelle; Aalst, Irina van; Schwanen, Tim

doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2015.03.008

Cited by 19 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…Offenders may overestimate the capacity of the camera scheme and a “diffusion of benefits” (Clarke & Weisburd, 1994; Guerette & Bowers, 2009) may spread to areas beyond the effective visible range of the camera. Although often evaluated alongside other measures (Brands, Aalst, & Schwanen, 2015), CCTV cameras might also increase the detection rate, improve the police response by allowing camera operators to coordinate the appropriate reaction to an incident, encourage victims to take more security precautions, increase usage of public places, and encourage community pride and informal social control (Ashby, 2017; Gerell, 2016; LaVigne et al, 2011; Piza et al, 2015). CCTV may therefore be about changing the perception of the public and social space under surveillance rather than a specific mechanism of physical crime prevention (Zurawski, 2010).…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Longitudinal Quasi-Experimental Study of Violence and Disorder Impacts of Urban CCTV Camera Clusters

Ratcliffe

Groff

2018

Criminal Justice Review

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Methodological challenges have hampered a number of previous studies into the crime reduction effectiveness of closed-circuit television (CCTV) surveillance systems. These have included the use of arbitrary fixed distances to represent estimated camera deterrence areas and a lack of control for camera sites with overlapping surveillance areas. The current article overcomes the first of these challenges by using camera view areas individually constructed by researchers viewing and manipulating cameras to determine precise camera viewsheds. The second challenge is addressed by grouping cameras into clusters of combined viewshed areas. The longitudinal crime and disorder reduction effectiveness of these clusters of overlapping CCTV cameras is tested in Philadelphia, PA. Multilevel mixed-effects models with time-varying covariates and measures from a noncomparable control area are applied to 10 years of crime data (2003–2012) within the viewsheds of 86 CCTV cameras grouped into 13 clusters. Models applied across violent street felonies and disorder incidents find no significant impact associated with the introduction of CCTV surveillance. Potential reasons for this are discussed.

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Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Longitudinal Quasi-Experimental Study of Violence and Disorder Impacts of Urban CCTV Camera Clusters

Ratcliffe

Groff

2018

Criminal Justice Review

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“…However, the increased accessibility of public venues in the model resulted in OU residents spending more time in the IC, leading to the displacement of some incidents of verbal aggression from OU private to IC public venues: the number of verbal aggression incidents among OU residents inside public venues increased by 34%, and decreased in private venues by 25%. Further, this coincided with a 70% increase in the number of OU residents being ejected from public venues for being intoxicated (the model does not include being ejected for other reasons (Brands, van Aalst, & Schwanen, 2015)).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…For Melbourne, the model suggested that an enabling policy such as 24-hour PT-or even a two-hour extension in PT operations-may be more beneficial than a restrictive policy such as 1am venue lockouts, and even more beneficial than a policy of 3am lockouts. Such policies have a far greater chance of success, and face fewer cultural and political barriers in their implementation (Brands, et al, 2015;Lam, et al, 2015;Waitt, Jessop, & Gorman-Murray, 2011). The model has thus provided a demonstration that alternatives to tried policies, which might be more in line with the preferences and understandings of safety held by night-time economy patrons themselves, can be equally successful.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, these estimates are based on a theoretical model and there is uncertainty in the model parameters. In particular, limited studies were available that could be used to estimate many of the parameters (see Appendix B for a list of parameters and their sources), including the gender and socio-demographic distributions of harms (Brands, et al, 2015;Waitt, et al, 2011). Importantly, the key parameters governing agents' decisions to change venues or settings or to stop drinking were derived from relatively crude survey data, and further research into how policy affects these decisions is necessary.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The effects of extended public transport operating hours and venue lockout policies on drinking-related harms in Melbourne, Australia: Results from SimDrink, an agent-based simulation model

Scott

Hart

Wilson

et al. 2016

International Journal of Drug Policy

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“…2. For a thorough discussion on surveillance, technology and safety in night-time public spaces, see Brands (2014). 438 L. de Wijs et al…”

Section: Acknowledgementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How smart is smart? Theoretical and empirical considerations on implementing smart city objectives – a case study of Dutch railway station areas

Wijs

Witte

Geertman

2016

Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research

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The current widespread attention on the concept of smart city in both policy and practice has stimulated academic discussion regarding the scope and applicability of this concept. An important question is whether cities and regions are truly advanced in implementing the concept in their policies and practices relative to its conceptual elaborations in academia. The aim of this paper is to analyse this congruence between theory and practice in the context of the ongoing transformations of railway station areas in European urban regions. Based on in-depth interviewing using aspects of Q-methodology, this paper investigates whether and how smart city concepts are implemented by stakeholders in three station redevelopment projects in the Netherlands. The results show that the current implementation of smart city concepts in practice is varied but modest and not (yet) very advanced. Knowledge exchange and innovations are currently hampered by a lack of acceptance and knowhow among stakeholders, as well as by institutional and competitive constraints. For instance, stakeholders stress that data privacy regulations should be well organized before further implementation can occur. Transparency about how and what data are used may create more willingness among users to assist in developing and accepting new data technologies. However, the technologies are not yet completely developed, and concerns about the "loss" of personal privacy are holding back the widespread and advanced use of data supplied technologies. Although stakeholders seem to be aware of the opportunities the smart city concept offers, for now, the widespread implementation of innovative and advanced smart city concepts remains in the future.Keywords: smart city; smart governance; railway station areas; Q-methodology; stakeholders IntroductionIn recent years, the concept of the "smart city" has been taken up by many city leaders, IT companies and scholars worldwide, resulting in a flurry of professional (e.g., ARUP 2010; Washburn and Sindhu 2010), popular (Greenfield 2013;Townsend 2013) and scholarly (Deakin 2011; Glasmeier and Christopherson 2015) publications on the topic. To an increasing extent, both practitioners and policy-makers proclaim that their cities and regions are "smart", a designation exemplified by, for example, smart city events and Research, 2016 Vol. 29, No. 4, 424-441, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13511610.2016 rankings of smart cities. For example, Utrecht is one of the most competitive European regions and develops many smart projects related to climate policy, traffic, services, life sciences and gaming (The New Economy 2014). Amsterdam has its own smart city portal on which it promotes initiatives such as a 3D-printed canal house and a selfreliant sustainable energy network for the entire city. Such examples raise the expectation that these cities and regions are rather advanced in implementing the smart city concept in their policies and practices. The question remains, however, as to whether this is truly the case and whether co...

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Safety, surveillance and policing in the night-time economy: (Re)turning to numbers

Cited by 19 publications

References 89 publications

A Longitudinal Quasi-Experimental Study of Violence and Disorder Impacts of Urban CCTV Camera Clusters

A Longitudinal Quasi-Experimental Study of Violence and Disorder Impacts of Urban CCTV Camera Clusters

The effects of extended public transport operating hours and venue lockout policies on drinking-related harms in Melbourne, Australia: Results from SimDrink, an agent-based simulation model

How smart is smart? Theoretical and empirical considerations on implementing smart city objectives – a case study of Dutch railway station areas

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