Safety tests and antinutrient analyses of noni (<i>Morinda citrifolia</i> L.) leaf

West, Brett J.; Tani, Hisanori; Palu, Afa K.; Tolson, Charles B; Jensen, C. Jarakae

doi:10.1002/jsfa.3007

Cited by 36 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(21 reference statements)

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“…The leaves are also the source of a variety of other health-promoting commercial products available in Japan and the US, mainly for used to make infusions. Some manufacturers also produce capsules containing powdered noni leaves 16 . Previous studies revealed that noni leaves contain a variety of phytochemical constituents, including terpenoid, phytosterol, iridoid, flavonol, and anthraquinone compounds and their glycoside derivatives [17][18][19] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-inflammatory effect of Morinda citrifolia leaf extract on macrophage RAW 264.7 cells

Saraphanchotiwitthaya

Sripalakit²

2015

ScienceAsia

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Leaves of Morinda citrifolia (Rubiaceae) have been used in folk medicine to treat pain and inflammation. In this study, the anti-inflammatory activity of M. citrifolia leaf extracts was investigated. The extract was prepared by freeze-drying juice squeezed from M. citrifolia leaves. HPLC analysis of the crude extract revealed rutin to be a major compound together with small amounts of quercetin and kaempferol. The effect of this extract on TNF-α, IL-1β, and NO secretion by lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage RAW 264.7 cells was investigated and compared to that of rutin, dexamethasone, and indomethacin. The results show that the extract inhibited TNF-α (98%, 750 µg/ml) secretion four times more than dexamethasone (3.92 µg/ml) and indomethacin (3.58 µg/ml), while rutin had no effect. The extract suppressed IL-1β secretion in a dose-dependent fashion with a maximum inhibition of about 79% (750 µg/ml). This was similar to that achieved by dexamethasone (97%, 3.92 µg/ml), indomethacin (70%, 3.58 µg/ml), and rutin (90%, 48.84 µg/ml). Moreover, the extract inhibited NO secretion (74%, 750 µg/ml) 50% more than rutin (40 µM) and 70% more than dexamethasone and indomethacin (10 µM). This study demonstrates the potential of M. citrifolia leaves as an effective therapeutic intervention against inflammatory diseases.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-inflammatory effect of Morinda citrifolia leaf extract on macrophage RAW 264.7 cells

Saraphanchotiwitthaya

Sripalakit²

2015

ScienceAsia

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“…The results of their human clinical safety study using liver function measurements as well as subacute and subchronic animal toxicity tests showed no adverse effect on liver. West et al (2007) found no evidence of toxicity in the noni leaves which are also consumed by humans as food. Toxicological (genotoxicity tests) and analytical investigation (chemical analysis for anthraquinones) of the noni fruit juice revealed no genotoxic potential for human consumption, as genotoxic anthraquinones were not detected in the noni juice (Westendorf et al 2007).…”

Section: Safety Of Noni Fruitmentioning

confidence: 90%

Super Fruits: Pomegranate, Wolfberry, Aronia (Chokeberry), Acai, Noni, and Amla

Sidhu

Zafar

2012

Handbook of Fruits and Fruit Processing

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“…Table 3. Ranges of amino acids in dried and roasted M. citrifolia leaves Data on the variability among French Polynesian M. citrifolia leaves have been provided for some phytochemicals, such as sterols, tannic acid, oxalic acid and tocopherols (West et al, 2007).…”

Section: Specification Of the Novel Food (Nf)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety of ‘leaves from Morinda citrifolia L.’ - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies

Bresson¹,

Flynn²,

Heinonen³

et al. 2008

EFSA Journal

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SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety of dried and roasted leaves from Morinda citrifolia L. intended to be used for the preparation of infusions.After cutting, the leaves of M. citrifolia are subjected to drying and roasting steps. The steps are standard procedures commonly applied in food production and do not give rise to concern. Compositional data on various batches of dried and roasted M. citrifolia leaves from French Polynesia have been provided. The information presented does not indicate detrimental nutritional effects to be expected from the consumption of tea infusions made from dried and roasted M. citrifolia leaves. Under the applied analytical conditions none of the anthraquinones rubiadin, alizarin and lucidin could be detected in dried and roasted M. citrifolia leaves (detection limits 0.25, 0.025 and 0.4 mg/kg) and in infusions (detection limits 1.04, 0.1 and 1.67 µg/l), respectively. 5,15-Dimethylmorindol, an anthraquinone previously isolated from the fruits of M. citrifolia, was shown to be present in dried and roasted M. citrifolia leaves at concentrations ranging from 11.3 to 42.6 mg/kg. In infusions from dried and roasted M. citrifolia leaves contents of 5,15-dimethylmorindol ranging between 5.8 and 20.9 µg/l were determined. On the basis of an average 5,15-dimethylmorindol content of 26.5 ± 11.75 mg/kg in dried and roasted leaves and an average extraction efficiency of 34 %, a total of approximately 9 ± 4 µg 5,15-dimethylmorindol is expected to be present per cup of tea (100 ml). Roasting of M. citrifolia leaves causes 80 and 77 % decreases of the concentrations of the glycosides rutin and kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoysyl-(1-6)-ß-D-glucopyranoside, respectively, and 2-and 2.9-fold increases of the corresponding aglycones, quercetin and Safety of Leaves from Morinda citrifolia L.The EFSA Journal (2008) 769, 2-17 quercetin and kaempferol, due to degradation of their glycosidic precursors.Intake values reported for tea in the U.K National Diet and Nutrition Surveys were used to estimate the potential intakes of infusions prepared from dried and roasted M. citrifolia leaves. According to the applicant, infusions are prepared by steeping roasted M. citrifolia leaves (1 g in a tea bag) in 240 ml of hot water at 100 ± 2° C for ten minutes. Applying the total solids content of 0.1 % to the estimated 97.5 th percentile intakes of infusion reveals that the highest ingestion of M. citrifolia leaf material is 1.29 g/d for adult males. This corresponds to a daily intake of 18.4 mg/kg bodyweight (bw), for a 70 kg adult. Applying the same approach to children reveals that the highest ingestion (97.5 th percentile) of M. citrifolia leaf material is 11.5 mg/kg bw for 15 to 18 year old males, assuming a body weight of 60 kg.Acute toxicity studies in rats using aqueous and ethanolic extracts did not give indications of adverse effe...

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Safety tests and antinutrient analyses of noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) leaf

Abstract: The apparent lack of toxicity of the leaves and the hardiness of the plant make it ideal for further agricultural development, especially where sustained growth of other food crops is difficult. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry.

Cited by 36 publications

References 23 publications

Anti-inflammatory effect of Morinda citrifolia leaf extract on macrophage RAW 264.7 cells

Anti-inflammatory effect of Morinda citrifolia leaf extract on macrophage RAW 264.7 cells

Super Fruits: Pomegranate, Wolfberry, Aronia (Chokeberry), Acai, Noni, and Amla

Safety of ‘leaves from Morinda citrifolia L.’ - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies

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