Safety with Lasers and Other Optical Sources

Sliney, David H.; Wolbarsht, Myron L.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-3596-0

Cited by 576 publications

(307 citation statements)

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“…28,29 If all the electricity used was converted to photons, the retinal illumination would be E1 mW/cm 2 . Such a light level cannot cause damage to retinal structures, or significant heating, or affect the function of mitochondria.…”

Section: Implications For the Pathophysiology Of Drmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regression of early diabetic macular oedema is associated with prevention of dark adaptation

Arden

Jyothi

Hogg

et al. 2011

Eye

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Hypothesis Dark-adapted rods consume oxygen at high rates and light adaptation decreases this oxygen burden and can have therapeutic effects on diabetic macular oedema (DMO). Methods Patients with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (DR) and early, untreated non-sight-threatening DMO slept for 6 months wearing masks that illuminated the eyelid of one closed eye by 505 nm light. Exclusion criteria were any concomitant eye disease, DR 4ETDRS grade 35, and other systemic diseases. Primary outcome: change of OCT retinal thickness in the local region where oedema was present. Results A total of 34 out of 40 patients completed the study. Mean baseline OCT macular cube thickness was equivalent for study and fellow eyes. But study eyes had a greater mean thickness in the central subfield zone 1 (282±53 lm) vs (256±19 lm) the fellow eyes. Twenty-eight study eyes showed intraretinal cysts compared with nine in the fellow eyes. At 6 months, only 19 study eyes had cysts while cysts were seen in 20 fellow eyes. After 6 months, the worst affected ETDRS zone and the central subfield zone 1 reduced in thickness in study eyes only by 12 lm (95% CI 20 to À7, P ¼ 0.01). The secondary outcomes of change in visual acuity, achromatic contrast sensitivity, and microperimetric thresholds improved significantly in study eyes and deteriorated in fellow eyes. Conclusions Sleeping in dim light that can keep rods light adapted may reverse the changes of DMO.

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Section: Implications For the Pathophysiology Of Drmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regression of early diabetic macular oedema is associated with prevention of dark adaptation

Arden

Jyothi

Hogg

et al. 2011

Eye

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“…In a study examining the heating effects in skin during near-infrared spectroscopic measurements the maximum temperature rise in the human forearm was measured to be 7.93x10 -6 °C/mW/mm 2 at 0.5mm below the skin's surface. At greater depths the recorded temperature changes were even smaller [9]. From this we can conclude that the optical powers as harnessed for NIRS can be considered safe from an irradiance standpoint given that skin temperature is normally around 31°C, and tissue damage occurs only above 41°C [9].…”

Section: Led Radiated Energy Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…At greater depths the recorded temperature changes were even smaller [9]. From this we can conclude that the optical powers as harnessed for NIRS can be considered safe from an irradiance standpoint given that skin temperature is normally around 31°C, and tissue damage occurs only above 41°C [9].…”

Section: Led Radiated Energy Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…Furthermore for signal identification purposes the sources are sinusoid-modulated yielding a further reduction in irradiance (approximately 50%). This yields very low intensity signals much less than that of ordinary sunlight experienced at the Earth's surface (approximately 1mW/mm 2 [7]) which is more efficiently absorbed than the near-infrared light used here [9]. In a study examining the heating effects in skin during near-infrared spectroscopic measurements the maximum temperature rise in the human forearm was measured to be 7.93x10 -6 °C/mW/mm 2 at 0.5mm below the skin's surface.…”

Section: Led Radiated Energy Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optical safety assessment of a near-infrared brain-computer interface

Soraghan

Ward

Matthews

et al. 2008

IET Irish Signals and Systems Conference (ISSC 2008)

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_______________________________________________________________________________Abstract-This paper describes a safety assessment study of near-infrared sources used in an optical brain-computer interface (BCI). The measurement elements of an optical BCI consist of sets of optical sources and detectors. Our current system utilises sources which comprise of dual wavelength light emitting diodes (LED) at 760nm and 880nm. An optical analysis demonstrated that NIR radiation is a negligible source of heating in this case. LED heat conduction however is a major source of heating, and LEDs, though much safer than laser diodes, have been known to cause burns if improperly used. We describe a procedure by which we measure the heat conduction effect of LEDs. We show that the LED systems used in our current generation BCI produce safe levels of thermal energy and are within published safety levels.

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“…Au-delà de 330 nm, les cataractes observées semblent, pour la plupart, induites par des expositions répétées ou prolongées (Sliney et Wolbarsht, 1980;Taylor et al, 1988).…”

Section: Dans L'ultraviolet (180 à 400 Nm)unclassified

Rayonnement laser : risques oculaires et normes de protection

et al. 2000

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RÉSUMÉLes propriétés optiques des tissus biologiques conditionnent de manière importante le risque d'atteinte par le faisceau laser. Les rayonnementii, émis dans I'ultraviolet mais aussi l'infrarouge B et C, représentent un danger pour le segment anté-rieur de l'oeil. Selon la longueur d'onde, le rayonnement est absorbé préférentiel-lement ou exclusivement par la cornée ou le cristallin. The risk for biological tissues to be damaged by a laser beam is mainly determined by their optical properties. Laser radiations emitted in ultraviolet and infrared B and C represent a hazard for the anterior segment of the eye. Depending the wavelength, laser radiation is absorbed by the cornea, the lem or hotb. The lower damage thresholds are reported at the retinal level, in the spectral range of 400 to 1400 nm. The exposure limit values, recommended by laser safety standards, are evaluated with wavelength, exposure duration, puise repetition frequency and the size of the visual angle subtending the source. The fast evolution of laser producîs induces a continuous revision of guidelines.

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Safety with Lasers and Other Optical Sources

Cited by 576 publications

References 0 publications

Regression of early diabetic macular oedema is associated with prevention of dark adaptation

Regression of early diabetic macular oedema is associated with prevention of dark adaptation

Optical safety assessment of a near-infrared brain-computer interface

Rayonnement laser : risques oculaires et normes de protection

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