Salicin from host plant as precursor of salicylaldehyde in defensive secretion of Chrysomeline larvae

Pasteels, Jacques; Rowell‐Rahier, Martine; Braekman, Jean Claude; Dupont, Anne-Marie

doi:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1983.tb00362.x

Cited by 148 publications

(128 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Because the gut of these insects often contains highly active glucosidases (24), the O-glucosides could be cleaved, allowing the less polar aglycons to cross membranes by diffusion and finally reach the defensive system. Polar compounds, such as O-glycosides ( Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective transport systems mediate sequestration of plant glucosides in leaf beetles: A molecular basis for adaptation and evolution

Kuhn

Pettersson

Feld

et al. 2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Chrysomeline larvae respond to disturbance and attack by everting dorsal glandular reservoirs, which release defensive secretions. The ancestral defense is based on the de novo synthesis of monoterpene iridoids. The catabolization of the host-plant O-glucoside salicin into salicylaldehyde is a character state that evolved later in two distinct lineages, which specialized on Salicaceae. By using two species producing monoterpenes (Hydrothassa marginella and Phratora laticollis) and two sequestering species (Chrysomela populi and Phratora vitellinae), we studied the molecular basis of sequestration by feeding the larvae structurally different thioglucosides resembling natural O-glucosides. Their accumulation in the defensive systems demonstrated that the larvae possess transport systems, which are evolutionarily adapted to the glycosides of their host plants. Minor structural modifications in the aglycon result in drastically reduced transport rates of the test compounds. Moreover, the ancestral iridoid-producing leaf beetles already possess a fully functional import system for an early precursor of the iridoid defenses. Our data confirm an evolutionary scenario in which, after a host-plant change, the transport system of the leaf beetles may play a pivotal role in the adaptation on new hosts by selecting plant-derived glucosides that can be channeled to the defensive system.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective transport systems mediate sequestration of plant glucosides in leaf beetles: A molecular basis for adaptation and evolution

Kuhn

Pettersson

Feld

et al. 2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Many invertebrate herbivores tolerate or compensate for suboptimal nutritional diets (e.g., Simpson andSimpson, 1990 andSlansky, 1993) and others store, sequester and use plant noxious compounds for their own defence against natural enemies (e.g., Bowers, 1992, Soetens et al, 1998and Dobler, 2001). For example, sawflies and leaf beetles either accumulate or use secondary metabolites from the host plant as precursors of their own chemical defence against predators (Pasteels et al, 1983, Soetens et al, 1998and Dobler, 2001). Bernays & Graham (1988) argued that defence from generalist predators was more important than toxicity of secondary chemicals in evolution of specialization of insects on host plants.…”

Section: Natural Enemies Often Nullify or Reverse Chemical Defencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal grass endophytes and arthropod communities: lessons from plant defence theory and multitrophic interactions

Faeth

Saari

2012

Fungal Ecology

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Abstract:Alkaloids produced by systemic fungal endophytes of grasses are thought to act as defensive agents against herbivores. Endophytic alkaloids may reduce arthropod herbivore abundances and diversity in agronomic grasses. Yet, accumulating evidence, particularly from native grasses, shows that herbivore preference, abundances and species richness are sometimes greater on endophyte-infected plants, even those with high alkaloids, contrary to the notion of defensive mutualism. We argue that these conflicting results are entirely consistent with well-developed concepts of plant defence theory and tri-trophic interactions. Plant secondary chemicals and endophytic alkaloids often fail to protect plants because: (1) specialist herbivores evolve to detoxify and use defensive chemicals for growth and survival; and (2) natural enemies of herbivores may be more negatively affected by alkaloids than are herbivores. Endophytes and their alkaloids may have profound, but often highly variable, effects on communities, which are also consistent with existing theories of plant defence and community genetics.Arthropods | Communities | Endophyte | Herbivores | Neotyphodium | Parasites |

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“…Most leaf beetle species are highly specialized on a single plant genus, where they spend their whole life cycle. Their well-defended larvae exhibit different degrees of dependence on the host plant's secondary metabolites (9)(10)(11)(12)(13).…”

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confidence: 99%

Host plant shifts affect a major defense enzyme inChrysomela lapponica

Kirsch

Vogel

Muck

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Chrysomelid leaf beetles use chemical defenses to overcome predatory attack and microbial infestation. Larvae of Chrysomela lapponica that feed on willow sequester plant-derived salicin and other leaf alcohol glucosides, which are modified in their defensive glands to bioactive compounds. Salicin is converted into salicylaldehyde by a consecutive action of a β-glucosidase and salicyl alcohol oxidase (SAO). The other leaf alcohol glucosides are not oxidized, but are deglucosylated and esterified with isobutyricand 2-methylbutyric acid. Like some other closely related Chrysomela species, certain populations of C. lapponica shift host plants from willow to salicin-free birch. The only striking difference between willow feeders and birch feeders in terms of chemical defense is the lack of salicylaldehyde formation. To clarify the impact of host plant shifts on SAO activity, we identified and compared this enzyme by cloning, expression, and functional testing in a willow-feeding and birch-feeding population of C. lapponica. Although the birch feeders still demonstrated defensive glandspecific expression, their SAO mRNA levels were 1,000-fold lower, and the SAO enzyme was nonfunctional. Obviously, the loss of catalytic function of the SAO of birch-adapted larvae is fixed at the transcriptional, translational, and enzyme levels, thus avoiding costly expression of a highly abundant protein that is not required in the birch feeders.host plant adaptation | glucose-methanol-choline oxidoreductase M ost phytophagous insects are specialized to a restricted set of host plant species (1-4). Host affiliation/specialization has been shown to be influenced by geographical, genetic, biophysical, and ecological enforcements (3, 5). But the most important barriers are toxic metabolites of the host plant (6-8), which all phytophagous insects must overcome by developing appropriate detoxification mechanisms. Adapting to plant-specific chemicals provides insects with a niche that allows them to survive, but narrows the range within which host plant shifts can occur, including only plants with similar metabolite patterns.Chrysomelina leaf beetles are an excellent taxon for investigating host plant adaptation and relevant factors associated with host plant shifts. Most leaf beetle species are highly specialized on a single plant genus, where they spend their whole life cycle. Their well-defended larvae exhibit different degrees of dependence on the host plant's secondary metabolites (9-13).

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Salicin from host plant as precursor of salicylaldehyde in defensive secretion of Chrysomeline larvae

Cited by 148 publications

References 8 publications

Selective transport systems mediate sequestration of plant glucosides in leaf beetles: A molecular basis for adaptation and evolution

Selective transport systems mediate sequestration of plant glucosides in leaf beetles: A molecular basis for adaptation and evolution

Fungal grass endophytes and arthropod communities: lessons from plant defence theory and multitrophic interactions

Host plant shifts affect a major defense enzyme inChrysomela lapponica

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