Salicylic Acid Activates DNA Damage Responses to Potentiate Plant Immunity

Yan, Shunping; Wang, Wei; Marqués, Jorge; Mohan, Rajinikanth; Saleh, Abdelaty; Durrant, Wendy E.; Song, Junqi; Dong, Xinnian

doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2013.09.019

Cited by 121 publications

(171 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(56 reference statements)

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“…Also, DNA repair proteins have been shown to be directly involved in the regulation of gene expression during plant defense responses (Song et al, 2011). The DNA damage response is an intrinsic component of the plant immune response and, in turn, enhances salicylic acid-mediated defense gene expression (Yan et al, 2013). Among the Ustilaginales, which cause characteristic floral symptoms in the immature, proliferative host floral organs, U. maydis is the only species that causes local tumors in vegetative tissue.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Secreted Effector Protein ofUstilago maydisGuides Maize Leaf Cells to Form Tumors

et al. 2015

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The biotrophic smut fungus Ustilago maydis infects all aerial organs of maize (Zea mays) and induces tumors in the plant tissues. U. maydis deploys many effector proteins to manipulate its host. Previously, deletion analysis demonstrated that several effectors have important functions in inducing tumor expansion specifically in maize leaves. Here, we present the functional characterization of the effector See1 (Seedling efficient effector1). See1 is required for the reactivation of plant DNA synthesis, which is crucial for tumor progression in leaf cells. By contrast, See1 does not affect tumor formation in immature tassel floral tissues, where maize cell proliferation occurs independent of fungal infection. See1 interacts with a maize homolog of SGT1 (Suppressor of G2 allele of skp1), a factor acting in cell cycle progression in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and an important component of plant and human innate immunity. See1 interferes with the MAPK-triggered phosphorylation of maize SGT1 at a monocot-specific phosphorylation site. We propose that See1 interferes with SGT1 activity, resulting in both modulation of immune responses and reactivation of DNA synthesis in leaf cells. This identifies See1 as a fungal effector that directly and specifically contributes to the formation of leaf tumors in maize.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Secreted Effector Protein ofUstilago maydisGuides Maize Leaf Cells to Form Tumors

et al. 2015

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“…Finally, it will be intriguing to study the role of SOG1 in response to pathogens. Recent studies have revealed that the DDR and immune responses are closely related in plants (Yan et al, 2013;Song and Bent, 2014). Since SOG1 may also play a crucial role in the plant immune system, it is imperative to examine whether the sog1-1 mutation affects sensitivity to various pathogens.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Intriguingly, a relationship between the plant immune response and DNA damage has been reported recently. Yan et al (2013) showed that the plant immune hormone salicylic acid triggers DNA damage in the absence of a genotoxic agent, and the DDR factors ATR and RAD17 are required for effective immune responses. Furthermore, microbial pathogens reportedly induce DSBs in A. thaliana genomic DNA (Song and Bent, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SOG1: a master regulator of the DNA damage response in plants

Yoshiyama

2015

Genes Genet. Syst.

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The DNA damage response (DDR) is a critical mechanism to maintain the genome stability of an organism upon exposure to endogenous and exogenous DNA-damaging factors. The DDR system is particularly important for plants as these organisms, owing to their intrinsic immobility, are inevitably exposed to environmental stress factors, some of which induce DNA damage. Arabidopsis thaliana has orthologs of several DDR factors that are present in animals; however, some of the important animal regulators, such as the tumor suppressor p53 and the DDR kinases CHK1 and CHK2, have not been found in plants. These observations imply a unique DDR system in plants. The present review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of the DDR in A. thaliana and, in particular, on the function and role of SUPPRESSOR OF GAMMA RESPONSE 1 (SOG1), a plant-specific transcription factor that regulates the DDR. The most obvious response to DNA damage in A. thaliana is a rapid and robust change in the transcriptional regulation of numerous genes, in which SOG1 is an essential regulatory factor. Mutation of SOG1 causes various defects in the activation of cell cycle arrest, programmed cell death, and endoreduplication in response to DNA damage. These observations indicate that SOG1 is a master regulator of the DDR. Phylogenetic analyses of SOG1 reveal that orthologs of this crucial transcription factor are present not only in angiosperms but also in gymnosperms, suggesting that the SOG1 system is conserved across spermatophytes. Finally, future prospects for SOG1 research are also discussed.

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“…While SA is essential for SAR development, it needs to be maintained at low levels in parts of the plant other than the site of hypersensitive response to avoid harmful effects, such as growth retardation (Rivas-San Vicente and Plasencia, 2011), DNA damage (Yan et al, 2013), and physiological disturbance (Scott et al, 2004). In this view, it is envisioned that SA serves as an initiating signal that links local infection with the induction of SAR in distal tissues; therefore, high levels of SA would not be necessarily required for the NPR1 activation.…”

Section: Convergence Of Sa and Snrk28-mediated Signals At Npr1mentioning

confidence: 99%