Salicylic acid in the serum of subjects not taking aspirin. Comparison of salicylic acid concentrations in the serum of vegetarians, non-vegetarians, and patients taking low dose aspirin

Blacklock, Claire; Lawrence, J. R.; Wiles, D. H.; Malcolm, Edith; Gibson, Ian H.; Kelly, Colette; Paterson, John R.

doi:10.1136/jcp.54.7.553

Cited by 130 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Although there is some uncertainty concerning the quantitative estimation of the salicylate content of plant-based foods, evidence for dietary as opposed to pharmaceutical sources is suggested by the detection of salicylic acid and associated metabolites in plasma and urine of individuals not taking aspirin or related preparations (Paterson et al 1998;Blacklock et al 2001;Baxter et al 2002). Moreover, serum ( Red wine 3 .…”

Section: Evidence For Dietary Uptake Of Salicylic Acidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is there a role for dietary salicylates in health?

et al. 2006

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Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirinTM; 2-acetoxybenzoic acid) has been used for >100 years for pain relief and to treat inflammatory conditions and fevers. More recently, regular intake has been associated with decreased incidence of certain cancers, particularly colon cancer. After absorption aspirin is very rapidly hydrolysed to salicylic acid (2-hydroxybenzoic acid). The anti-cancer effects of aspirin may be a result of salicylic acid reducing the transcription of prostaglandin H2-synthase and thereby the synthesis of pro-inflammatory and potentially-neoplastic prostaglandins. Salicylic acid is widely present in plants and functions as a hormonal mediator of the systemic acquired resistance response to pathogen attack and environmental stress. Thus, it is present in a large range of fruit, vegetables, herbs and spices of dietary relevance. Consequently, the recognised effect of consuming fruit and vegetables on lowering risk of colon cancer may be partly attributable to salicylates in plant-based foods. The present review discusses which types of fruit and vegetables are the richest source of salicylates and whether they are sufficiently released from the food matrix to modify the key cellular events associated with the pathogenesis of colon cancer.

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Section: Evidence For Dietary Uptake Of Salicylic Acidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is there a role for dietary salicylates in health?

et al. 2006

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“…Intuitively, such salicylate intakes appear insufficient to exert preventative effects and indeed could be negated by the substantial proportion of salicylic acid derived from beverages containing alcohol, a recognised pro-carcinogen. However, serum and urinary salicylate concentrations of vegetarians are higher than omnivores and overlap with individuals who regularly take low-dose aspirin (75) suggesting substantial absorption of salicylates from ingested plant-based foods. Moreover, populations that incorporate substantial amounts of salicylate-rich spices in foods may have markedly higher daily intakes of salicylates.…”

Section: Salicylic Acid and Colon Cancer Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant secondary metabolites and gut health: the case for phenolic acids

2011

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Plant-based diets contain a plethora of secondary metabolites that may impact on health and disease prevention. Much attention has been focused on the potential bioactivity and nutritional relevance of several classes of phytochemicals such as flavonoids, carotenoids, phyto-oestrogens and glucosinolates. Less attention has been paid to simple phenolic acids that are widely found in fruit, vegetables, herbs, spices and beverages. Daily intakes may exceed 100 mg. In addition, bacteria in the gut can perform reactions that transform more complex plant phenolics such as anthocyanins, procyanidins, flavanones, flavonols, tannins and isoflavones into simple phenolic metabolites. The colon is thus a rich source of potentially active phenolic acids that may impact both locally and systemically on gut health. Both the small and large intestine (colon) contain absorption sites for phenolic acids but low post-prandial concentrations in plasma indicate minimal absorption early in the gastrointestinal tract and/or rapid hepatic metabolism and excretion. Therefore, any bioactivity that contributes to gut health may predominantly occur in the colon. Several phenolic acids affect the expression and activity of enzymes involved in the production of inflammatory mediators of pathways thought to be important in the development of gut disorders including colon cancer. However, at present, we remain largely ignorant as to which of these compounds are beneficial to gut health. Until we can elucidate which pro-inflammatory and potentially carcinogenetic changes in gene expression can be moderated by simple phenolic acids, it is not possible to recommend specific plant-based foods rich in particular phenolics to optimise gut health.

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“…It is almost certain that other aromatic acids and their metabolites, in addition to SA and SU, were included in the values of`total salicylate' reported by Janssen et al On the other hand, we have observed that there is considerable variation in the amounts of SA and SU excreted in urine over 24 h (20-fold and sixfold, respectively). Concentrations of SA in serum also vary widely in people who do not take salicylate drugs, 13 and it is likely that di¡erences in the diet, metabolism and renal function of the subjects may contribute to the width of these ranges. Relatively low concentrations of salicylates, especially SA in the concentration range 0¢1^10 mol/L, may have signi¢-cant anti-in£ammatory e¡ects in vivo by inhibiting transcription of cyclooxygenase-2, an enzyme that catalyses the formation of prostaglandins during in£ammation.…”

Section: The Concentrations In Urine and Amounts Excreted In 24 H Of mentioning

confidence: 99%