“…The ability to tolerate this large annual range is due to the survival of microscopic gametophyte and sporophyte stages which can persist at temperatures between −1 and 30°C (Morita, Kurashima, & Maegawa, 2003a;Saito, 1975). Sporophyte growth has a slightly more restricted temperature range of 0-27°C; optimum growth rate is site-specific, however, which tends to fall within 5-20°C, and senescence may be induced by exposure to temperatures at or above 24°C (Bollen, Pilditch, Battershill, & Bischof, 2016;Henkel & Hofmann, 2008;James & Shears, 2016a;Morita, Kurashima, & Maegawa, 2003b;Saito, 1975;Skriptsova et al, 2004). The reproductive sporophylls can be present between 5 and 27°C, and when mature, spore release and settlement occur between approximately 11-25°C (James & Shears, 2016b;Saito, 1975;Skriptsova et al, 2004;Thornber, Kinlnan, Graham, & Stachowicz, 2004).…”