Salinity Stress Responses and Adaptation Mechanisms in Eukaryotic Green Microalgae

Shetty, Prateek; Gitau, Margaret Mukami; Maróti, Gergely

doi:10.3390/cells8121657

Cited by 220 publications

(121 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…Algae are capable of growing in some salty conditions depending on their habitats; however, their adaptability can be seriously limited above the threshold level [42,43]. In our study, S. quadricauda showed optimal growth at salinity levels of 3 and 6 psu, presumably because the test alga might have adapted to some saline conditions (brackish water) with salinity ranging from 1.0 to 8.6 psu (annual average 3.7 psu).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 58%

Response of Scenedesmus quadricauda (Chlorophyceae) to Salt Stress Considering Nutrient Enrichment and Intracellular Proline Accumulation

Park

Sim

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Aquatic organisms are exposed to a wide range of salinity, which could critically affect their survival and growth. However, their survival and growth response to salinity stress remain unclear. This study evaluates the growth response and intracellular proline accumulation of green algae, Scenedesmus quadricauda, isolated from brackish water, against dissolved salts stress with N and P enrichment. We tested a hypothesis that nutrient enrichment can relieve the dissolved salts stress of algae by accumulating intracellular proline, thereby improving survival and growth. Four levels of salinity (0, 3, 6, 12 psu) were experimentally manipulated with four levels of nutrient stoichiometry (N:P ratio = 2, 5, 10, 20) at constant N (1 mgN/L) or P levels (0.05 and 0.5 mgP/L). In each set of experiments, growth rate and intracellular proline content were measured in triplicate. The highest level of salinity inhibited the growth rate of S. quadricauda, regardless of the nutrient levels. However, with nutrient enrichment, the alga showed tolerance to dissolved salts, reflecting intracellular proline synthesis. Proline accumulation was most prominent at the highest salinity level, and its maximum value appeared at the highest N:P ratio (i.e., highest N level) in all salinity treatments, regardless of P levels. Therefore, the effects of P and N on algal response to salt stress differ.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 58%

Response of Scenedesmus quadricauda (Chlorophyceae) to Salt Stress Considering Nutrient Enrichment and Intracellular Proline Accumulation

Park

Sim

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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“…Polyamines are also important in plants for their antioxidant capacity and role in osmotic regulation both as osmoprotectants and signaling molecules [ 86 ]. Trehalose, a non-reducing disaccharide that act also as an osmolyte, carbon reserve, and stress protectant [ 87 ], is accumulated in algae such as Chlamydomonas , Chlorella, and Scytonema under salinity [ 88 ]. Polyols, such as the important osmoprotectans sorbitol and mannitol, were detected in species such as Platymonas suecica , Stichococcus chloranthus, and Stichococcus bacillaris under salinity [ 88 ].…”

Section: Main Bioactive Compounds Of Macroalgae and Microalgae Thamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Trehalose, a non-reducing disaccharide that act also as an osmolyte, carbon reserve, and stress protectant [ 87 ], is accumulated in algae such as Chlamydomonas , Chlorella, and Scytonema under salinity [ 88 ]. Polyols, such as the important osmoprotectans sorbitol and mannitol, were detected in species such as Platymonas suecica , Stichococcus chloranthus, and Stichococcus bacillaris under salinity [ 88 ]. Betaines (in particular glycine betaine, γ-aminobutyric acid betaine, and proline betaine), tertiary sulfonium analogues (partucularly 3-dimethyl-sulphoniopropionate), or a mixture of the two types of compounds are widespread in marine algae [ 21 ].…”

Section: Main Bioactive Compounds Of Macroalgae and Microalgae Thamentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing Sustainability by Improving Plant Salt Tolerance through Macro- and Micro-Algal Biostimulants

Carillo

Ciarmiello

Woodrow

et al. 2020

Biology

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Algal biomass, extracts, or derivatives have long been considered a valuable material to bring benefits to humans and cultivated plants. In the last decades, it became evident that algal formulations can induce multiple effects on crops (including an increase in biomass, yield, and quality), and that algal extracts contain a series of bioactive compounds and signaling molecules, in addition to mineral and organic nutrients. The need to reduce the non-renewable chemical input in agriculture has recently prompted an increase in the use of algal extracts as a plant biostimulant, also because of their ability to promote plant growth in suboptimal conditions such as saline environments is beneficial. In this article, we discuss some research areas that are critical for the implementation in agriculture of macro- and microalgae extracts as plant biostimulants. Specifically, we provide an overview of current knowledge and achievements about extraction methods, compositions, and action mechanisms of algal extracts, focusing on salt-stress tolerance. We also outline current limitations and possible research avenues. We conclude that the comparison and the integration of knowledge on the molecular and physiological response of plants to salt and to algal extracts should also guide the extraction procedures and application methods. The effects of algal biostimulants have been mainly investigated from an applied perspective, and the exploitation of different scientific disciplines is still much needed for the development of new sustainable strategies to increase crop tolerance to salt stress.

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“…In Chlamydomonas species, stress caused by high salt concentration slows down cell division, growth rate, reduces size, ceases motility, and triggers the so-called “palmelloid” formation. “Palmelloid” is a temporary stage created when Chlamydomonas cells are exposed to unfavorable conditions and is characterized by loss of flagella, minimum of two cells clustering, increased secretion of exopolysaccharide (EPS), cells surrounded by an EPS matrix sharing a common membrane, and cell wall thickening [ 48 ].…”

Section: Microalgaementioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is an end-product metabolite and thus production and accumulation does not interfere with other metabolic pathways [ 70 ]. Proline is another osmoregulatory solute that increases with increasing salinity [ 48 ]. The transport of ions through the cell membrane is another important strategy to cope with high salt stress by maintaining the intracellular ion balance.…”

Section: Microalgaementioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological and Molecular Responses to Main Environmental Stressors of Microalgae and Bacteria in Polar Marine Environments

et al. 2020

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The Arctic and Antarctic regions constitute 14% of the total biosphere. Although they differ in their physiographic characteristics, both are strongly affected by snow and ice cover changes, extreme photoperiods and low temperatures, and are still largely unexplored compared to more accessible sites. This review focuses on microalgae and bacteria from polar marine environments and, in particular, on their physiological and molecular responses to harsh environmental conditions. The data reported in this manuscript show that exposure to cold, increase in CO2 concentration and salinity, high/low light, and/or combination of stressors induce variations in species abundance and distribution for both polar bacteria and microalgae, as well as changes in growth rate and increase in cryoprotective compounds. The use of -omics techniques also allowed to identify specific gene losses and gains which could have contributed to polar environmental adaptation, and metabolic shifts, especially related to lipid metabolism and defence systems, such as the up-regulation of ice binding proteins, chaperones and antioxidant enzymes. However, this review also provides evidence that -omics resources for polar species are still few and several sequences still have unknown functions, highlighting the need to further explore polar environments, the biology and ecology of the inhabiting bacteria and microalgae, and their interactions.

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Salinity Stress Responses and Adaptation Mechanisms in Eukaryotic Green Microalgae

Cited by 220 publications

References 83 publications

Response of Scenedesmus quadricauda (Chlorophyceae) to Salt Stress Considering Nutrient Enrichment and Intracellular Proline Accumulation

Response of Scenedesmus quadricauda (Chlorophyceae) to Salt Stress Considering Nutrient Enrichment and Intracellular Proline Accumulation

Enhancing Sustainability by Improving Plant Salt Tolerance through Macro- and Micro-Algal Biostimulants

Physiological and Molecular Responses to Main Environmental Stressors of Microalgae and Bacteria in Polar Marine Environments

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