Salinity Stress: Toward Sustainable Plant Strategies and Using Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Encapsulation for Reducing It

Abstract

Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stresses that influences plant growth and productivity worldwide. Salinity affects plant growth by ionic toxicity, osmotic stress, hormonal imbalance, nutrient mobilization reduction, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). To survive in saline soils, plants have developed various physiological and biochemical strategies such as ion exchange, activation of antioxidant enzymes, and hormonal stimulation. In addition to plant adaption mechanisms, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can enhance salt tolerance in plants via ion homeostasis, production of antioxidants, ACC deaminase, phytohormones, extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), volatile organic compounds, accumulation of osmolytes, activation of plant antioxidative enzymes, and improvement of nutrients uptake. One of the important issues in microbial biotechnology is establishing a link between the beneficial strains screened in the laboratory with industry and the consumer. Therefore, in the development of biocontrol agents, it is necessary to study the optimization of conditions for mass reproduction and the selection of a suitable carrier for their final formulation. Toward sustainable agriculture, the use of appropriate formulations of bacterial agents as high-performance biofertilizers, including microbial biocapsules, is necessary to improve salt tolerance and crop productivity.

Effect of some Pseudomonas strains and Agave americana L. on wheat germination under salt stress

“…In this regard, it has been suggested that using plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) may boost plants' resistance to salt stress while being eco-friendly and cost-effective (13). Especially, PGPR can improve plant salt tolerance through ion homeostasis, antioxidant generation, ACC deaminase, phytohormones, extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), volatile organic compounds, accumulation of osmolytes, activation of plant antioxidant enzymes and improved nutritional uptake (14). Some PGPR have the ability to generate cytokines, accumulate ABA and generate antioxidants that can detoxify ROS (15).…”

Alkaline Salt Inhibits Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Canola More Than Neutral Salt

“…Excessive salinity can have various adverse effects on plant, including ion toxicity, osmotic stress caused by Na + and Cl − , accumulating, and oxidative stress due to the over-production of reactive oxygen species (Lu et al, 2017;Causin et al, 2020;Saberi Riseh et al, 2021). Salinity causes intracellular ion imbalance and decreases K + , Ca 2+ , and Mg 2+ concentrations in plant (Nieves-Cordones et al, 2016;Assaha et al, 2017;Manishankar et al, 2018;Isayenkov and Maathuis, 2019;Arif et al, 2020;Shahzad et al, 2021).…”

Synthesis and Evaluation of Naringin-Loaded Neem Oil Nanopesticidal Emulsion for Sustainable Crop Management System

“…20 Different polymers, such as gelatine, alginate, gum arabic, whey protein, xanthan, chitosan, gellan gum, starch, etc., are utilized for encapsulation. 21 Nanopesticides possess numerous advantages in comparison to conventional pesticides, like enhanced efficacy, durability, and improved potency of active components. 22 The ideal nano-biopesticides exhibit inherent properties like increased solubility and targetoriented slow release of poorly soluble active ingredients.…”

“…Encapsulation offers benefits, such as a slow and steady release of phytocomponents and preservation of encapsulated compounds against climatic conditions . Different polymers, such as gelatine, alginate, gum arabic, whey protein, xanthan, chitosan, gellan gum, starch, etc., are utilized for encapsulation . Nanopesticides possess numerous advantages in comparison to conventional pesticides, like enhanced efficacy, durability, and improved potency of active components .…”