Salinization decreases population densities of the freshwater crustacean, Daphnia 
                     dentifera

Searle, Catherine; Shaw, Cheng-Kuang; Hunsberger, Katherine K.; Prado, Magen; Duffy, Meghan A.

doi:10.1007/s10750-015-2579-4

Cited by 38 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Ubiquitous among freshwater ecosystems, Ceriodaphnia dubia exhibits an IC 25 valuethe inhibition concentration that causes a 25% reduction of growth or reproduction-at 1,050 mg Cl − /L(Corsi, Graczyk, Geis, Booth, & Richards, 2010). found that experimental Daphnia dentifera population densities were reduced by almost 50% at 364 mg Cl − /L, which is similar to the effects observed on large-bodied grazer such as Daphnia in a natural lake contaminated with 217-445 mg Cl − /L(Judd et al, 2005).Laboratory tests that quantify LC 50 values are valuable, but it is likely that even sublethal concentrations can affect zooplankton population abundance Searle et al (2016). found that experimental Daphnia dentifera population densities were reduced by almost 50% at 364 mg Cl − /L, which is similar to the effects observed on large-bodied grazer such as Daphnia in a natural lake contaminated with 217-445 mg Cl − /L(Judd et al, 2005).Laboratory tests that quantify LC 50 values are valuable, but it is likely that even sublethal concentrations can affect zooplankton population abundance Searle et al (2016).…”

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confidence: 55%

“…Over a period of 21 days, the LC 50 for Daphnia longispina was 1,334 mg Cl − /L(Goncalves et al, 2007). Road salt concentrations of 860 and 1,300 mg Cl − /L can reduce Daphnia pulex abundance by 40 and 79%, respectively(Hintz & Relyea, 2017b) Searle, Shaw, Hunsberger, Prado, and Duffy (2016). Road salt concentrations of 860 and 1,300 mg Cl − /L can reduce Daphnia pulex abundance by 40 and 79%, respectively(Hintz & Relyea, 2017b) Searle, Shaw, Hunsberger, Prado, and Duffy (2016).…”

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confidence: 99%

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A review of the species, community, and ecosystem impacts of road salt salinisation in fresh waters

2019

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Freshwater ecosystems worldwide are threatened by salinisation caused by human activities. Scientific attention on the ecological impacts of salinisation from road deicing salts is increasing exponentially. Spanning multiple trophic levels and ecosystem types, we review and synthesise the ecological impacts of road salt in freshwater ecosystems to understand species‐, community‐, and ecosystem‐level responses. In our review, we identify knowledge gaps that we hope will motivate future research directions. We found that road salts negatively affect species at all trophic levels, from biofilms to fish. The concentration at which road salt triggered an effect varied considerably. Species‐level impacts were generally sub‐lethal, leading to reductions in growth and reproduction, which can be magnified by natural stressors such as predation. Community‐level impacts including reductions of biodiversity were common, leading to communities of salt‐tolerant species, which may have implications for disease transmission from enhanced recruitment of salt‐tolerant host species such as mosquitoes. At the ecosystem level, road salts alter nutrient and energy flow. Contaminated wetlands could see greater export of greenhouse gases, streams will probably export more nitrogen and carbon, and lakes will encounter altered hydrology and oxygen dynamics, leading to greater phosphorus release from sediments. While it is necessary to keep roads safe for humans, the costs to freshwater ecosystems may be severe if actions are not taken to mitigate road salt salinisation. Cooperation among policy makers, environmental managers, transportation professionals, scientists, and the public will be crucial to prevent a loss of ecosystem services including water clarity, drinkable water, recreation venues, and fisheries.

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confidence: 55%

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confidence: 99%

A review of the species, community, and ecosystem impacts of road salt salinisation in fresh waters

2019

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“…Increased salinity can also disrupt population dynamics of some zooplankton species (Searle et al . ). Small invertebrates that lack exoskeletons are generally the least tolerant to increases in salinity, and most freshwater macroinvertebrates can only survive for short periods of time (48 h) in water with chloride concentrations around 2000 mg L −1 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

How common road salts and organic additives alter freshwater food webs: in search of safer alternatives

Schuler

Hintz

Jones

et al. 2017

Journal of Applied Ecology

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Summary The application of deicing road salts began in the 1940s and has increased drastically in regions where snow and ice removal is critical for transportation safety. The most commonly applied road salt is sodium chloride (NaCl). However, the increased costs of NaCl, its negative effects on human health, and the degradation of roadside habitats has driven transportation agencies to seek alternative road salts and organic additives to reduce the application rate of NaCl or increase its effectiveness. Few studies have examined the effects of NaCl in aquatic ecosystems, but none have explored the potential impacts of road salt alternatives or additives on aquatic food webs. We assessed the effects of three road salts (NaCl, MgCl2 and ClearLane™) and two road salts mixed with organic additives (GeoMelt™ and Magic Salt™) on food webs in experimental aquatic communities, with environmentally relevant concentrations, standardized by chloride concentration. We found that NaCl had few effects on aquatic communities. However, the microbial breakdown of organic additives initially reduced dissolved oxygen. Additionally, microbial activity likely transformed unusable phosphorus from the organic additives to usable phosphorus for algae, which increased algal growth. The increase in algal growth led to an increase in zooplankton abundance. Finally, MgCl2 – a common alternative to NaCl – reduced compositional differences of zooplankton, and at low concentrations increased the abundance of amphipods. Synthesis and applications. Our results indicate that alternative road salts (to NaCl), and road salt additives can alter the abundance and composition of organisms in freshwater food webs at multiple trophic levels, even at low concentrations. Consequently, road salt alternatives and additives might alter ecosystem function and ecosystem services. Therefore, transportation agencies should use caution in applying road salt alternatives and additives. A comprehensive investigation of road salt alternatives and road salt additives should be conducted before wide‐scale use is implemented. Further research is also needed to determine the impacts of salt additives and alternatives on higher trophic levels, such as amphibians and fish.

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“…We predicted that when individuals were exposed to a standard parasite dose (experiment 1), infection prevalence would not be affected by increased salinity because both the host and the parasite would be experiencing physiological stress, reducing both host resistance and parasite infectivity (Canhoto, Simões, Lúcia Gonҫalves, Guilhermino, & Bärlocher, ; Liu & Steiner, ). Additionally, because increasing salinity can decrease the population density of D. dentifera (Searle, Shaw, et al., ) and transmission of the parasite is affected by host density (Searle, Hochstedler, Merrick, Ilmain, & Wigren, ; Searle, Cortez, et al., ), we predicted that increased salinity would reduce parasite transmission and decrease infection prevalence at the population level (experiment 2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Changes to salinity can also alter host–parasite interactions by affecting host populations. For example, increased salinity can decrease the population density of a given species of zooplankton (Hintz & Relyea, ; Searle, Shaw, Hunsberger, Prado, & Duffy, ). When this occurs, the reduced contacts between individuals may also reduce transmission of some parasites (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined effects of salinity and infectious disease on Daphnia dentifera at multiple scales

Merrick

Searle

2019

Freshwater Biology

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Temperate freshwater ecosystems are currently being salinised through anthropogenic activities. These increases in freshwater salinity can impact individuals, populations, and species interactions. We studied the effects of salinity on freshwater host–parasite interactions at multiple scales using the zooplankton host, Daphnia dentifera, and a fungal parasite (Metschnikowia bicuspidata). We conducted one experiment at the individual‐level to quantify the effects of salinity on infection prevalence and another to understand the combined population‐level effects of salinity and parasitism. In our first experiment, we found that the effects of salinity on infection prevalence varied by host genotype; increased salinity reduced infection prevalence in one genotype but had no effect on infection prevalence in another. In our second experiment, infection prevalence was lower when NaCl was added to the microcosms compared to the control (no added salt) treatments. We also found a significant parasite × salinity interaction on D. dentifera density in our second experiment, where the parasite only reduced host densities in our control treatment, probably due to the reduced infection prevalence as salinity increased. This study demonstrates that salinity can influence infection prevalence in freshwater hosts and that host population density may respond to the combined effects of salinisation and parasitism in a non‐additive manner.

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Salinization decreases population densities of the freshwater crustacean, Daphnia dentifera

Cited by 38 publications

References 32 publications

A review of the species, community, and ecosystem impacts of road salt salinisation in fresh waters

A review of the species, community, and ecosystem impacts of road salt salinisation in fresh waters

How common road salts and organic additives alter freshwater food webs: in search of safer alternatives

Combined effects of salinity and infectious disease on Daphnia dentifera at multiple scales

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