Saliva Diagnosis as a Disease Predictor

McGeer, Patrick L.; Lee, Moon-Hee; Kennedy, Krista; McGeer, Edith G.

doi:10.3390/jcm9020377

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…This study focused on salivary metabolites since their non-invasive collection would provide benefit as a clinical test. Non-metabolite biomarkers, such as C-reactive proteins and tumor necrosis factors in saliva, were elevated in the subjects with AD or coronary heart diseases compared to healthy controls, which indicates that these markers showed no specificity to AD [ 33 ]. However, the mechanisms underlying the effect of ischemia on BDNF signaling remain unclear in our study, and thus, a comprehensive analysis of metabolites is necessary.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Saliva components have the potential to be used as biomarkers for several diseases [ 30 ], including dementia [ 31 ]; blood may also be used [ 32 ]. The measurement of salivary components can predict the onset of fatal disease [ 33 ]. In humans, the concentration of amyloid-β [ 32 , 34 ] and tau [ 35 ] in saliva reflected cognitive dysfunction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cognitive Dysfunction in a Mouse Model of Cerebral Ischemia Influences Salivary Metabolomics

Sugimoto

Saruta

et al. 2021

JCM

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Vascular dementia, caused by cerebrovascular disease, is associated with cognitive impairment and reduced hippocampal metabolite levels. Specifically, cognitive impairment can be induced by decreased hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression. The development of low or non-invasive biomarkers to characterize these diseases is an urgent task. Disturbance of metabolic pathways has been frequently observed in cognitive impairment, and salivary molecules also showed the potentials to reflect cognitive impairment. Therefore, we evaluated salivary metabolic profiles associated with altered hippocampal BDNF expression levels in a cerebral ischemia mouse model using metabolomic analyses. The effect of tacrine (a cholinesterase inhibitor) administration was also examined. The arteries of ICR mice were occluded with aneurysm clips to generate the cerebral ischemia model. Learning and memory performance was assessed using the elevated plus maze (EPM) test. Hippocampal and blood BDNF levels were quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD1) mRNA expression, is associated with cognitive impairment, was quantified by a real-time polymerase chain reaction. The EPM test revealed impaired spatial working memory in the cerebral ischemia mouse model; tacrine administration ameliorated this memory impairment. Cerebral ischemia suppressed GAD1 expression by decreasing hippocampal BDNF expression. In total, seven salivary metabolites, such as trimethylamine N-oxide and putrescine, were changed by cognitive impairment and tacrine administration. Our data suggest that salivary metabolite patterns were associated with cognitive function.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Dysfunction in a Mouse Model of Cerebral Ischemia Influences Salivary Metabolomics

Sugimoto

Saruta

et al. 2021

JCM

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“…Furthermore, it is necessary to normalize the data obtained in each group to avoid errors associated with the raw data [126,128]. Traditionally, many researchers use the p-value as the main statistical tool in order to identify analytes whose variation is statistically significant [129][130][131][132]. However, this approach is extremely limited and often results in numerous false positives and negatives [133,134].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unravelling the Potential of Salivary Volatile Metabolites in Oral Diseases. A Review

et al. 2020

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Fostered by the advances in the instrumental and analytical fields, in recent years the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has emerged as a new frontier in medical diagnostics. VOCs analysis is a non-invasive, rapid and inexpensive strategy with promising potential in clinical diagnostic procedures. Since cellular metabolism is altered by diseases, the resulting metabolic effects on VOCs may serve as biomarkers for any given pathophysiologic condition. Human VOCs are released from biomatrices such as saliva, urine, skin emanations and exhaled breath and are derived from many metabolic pathways. In this review, the potential of VOCs present in saliva will be explored as a monitoring tool for several oral diseases, including gingivitis and periodontal disease, dental caries, and oral cancer. Moreover, the analytical state-of-the-art for salivary volatomics, e.g., the most common extraction techniques along with the current challenges and future perspectives will be addressed unequivocally.

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“…Moreover, salivary Aβ 1-42 level in AD patients was greater than the high-level control group. These data demonstrated that measuring salivary Aβ 1-42 levels can diagnose AD and indicate as well as that it may predict the risk of future onset [ 47 ].…”

Section: Biomarkers In the Diagnosis Of Alzheimer’s Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Salivary Biomarkers in the Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease

Pawlik

Błochowiak

2021

Diagnostics

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Many neurodegenerative diseases present with progressive neuronal degeneration, which can lead to cognitive and motor impairment. Early screening and diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are necessary to begin treatment before the onset of clinical symptoms and slow down the progression of the disease. Biomarkers have shown great potential as a diagnostic tool in the early diagnosis of many diseases, including AD and PD. However, screening for these biomarkers usually includes invasive, complex and expensive methods such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampling through a lumbar puncture. Researchers are continuously seeking to find a simpler and more reliable diagnostic tool that would be less invasive than CSF sampling. Saliva has been studied as a potential biological fluid that could be used in the diagnosis and early screening of neurodegenerative diseases. This review aims to provide an insight into the current literature concerning salivary biomarkers used in the diagnosis of AD and PD. The most commonly studied salivary biomarkers in AD are β-amyloid1-42/1-40 and TAU protein, as well as α-synuclein and protein deglycase (DJ-1) in PD. Studies continue to be conducted on this subject and researchers are attempting to find correlations between specific biomarkers and early clinical symptoms, which could be key in creating new treatments for patients before the onset of symptoms.

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Saliva Diagnosis as a Disease Predictor

Cited by 13 publications

References 21 publications

Cognitive Dysfunction in a Mouse Model of Cerebral Ischemia Influences Salivary Metabolomics

Cognitive Dysfunction in a Mouse Model of Cerebral Ischemia Influences Salivary Metabolomics

Unravelling the Potential of Salivary Volatile Metabolites in Oral Diseases. A Review

The Role of Salivary Biomarkers in the Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease

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