Saliva for the diagnosis of COVID-19

Abstract

the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, initiated in Wuhan, China, from where it subsequently spread globally, thereby posing serious threats to public health around the world. [1,2] The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), which classifies the Coronaviridae family, investigated the novelty of this virus and named it 2019-nCoV. This novel strain of virus is a sister of SARS-CoVs and on 11 th February 2020 the WHO formally named the disease SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19. The COVID-19 outbreak continues to spread around the world and, as an international health issue, has attained pandemic status, necessitating global solidarity to combat the spread of the virus. [3] The concatenation of events that immediately followed the COVID-19 outbreak was momentous; on 1st January the Huanan seafood market was closed down; on 2nd January Chaolin Huang and his colleagues reported the clinical features of 42 patients; on 7 th January isolation of novel coronavirus was achieved; on 11 th January COVID-19 genome was deposited on www.virological.org and GenBank. Moreover, on 20th January, human to human transmission of infection was confirmed in health care workers treating COVID-19 patients, on 21 st January Real -time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used for the detection of COVID-19, on 30 th January WHO confirmed COVID-19 as a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIV). On 12 th of February WHO announced that saliva from 11 patients in Hong Kong tested for COVID-19 using RT-PCR. On 11 th March COVID-19 was classified as a pandemic by WHO and on 16th March the first clinical trial was commenced by National Health Institute (NHI) in USA. [4][5][6][7] A study carried out in 2001 reported that 500 patients exhibited flu symptoms and about 3.6% tested positive for a strain of corona virus. It was previously thought to be a simple and non-fatal virus until the year 2002 when, in the Chinese province of Guangdong, the spread of coronavirus sparked an outbreak in several other countries including Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Vietnam, Thailand and United States of America. The spread resulted in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which was mostly responsible for virus-related fatalities. Furthermore, it was discovered by looking at the disease pathogenesis that it was a different strain of coronavirus that infected the

Early diseases diagnosis in body fluids (serum and saliva) using infrared spectroscopy

“…A latest world statistic, 3 May 2023, shows the existence of 765,222,932 confirmed cases, of which 6,921,614 death [36] . Some authors, supposed that FTIR spectroscopy, especially on attenuated total reflectance (ATR) crystals can be used for sensing this virus after mass-separating screening while others show that saliva can be used for analysis [37][38][39] .…”

Methods in Raman spectroscopy for saliva studies – a review

“…This, for instance, means that any illicit drug compounds may exist as unbound molecules. [48] Furthermore, saliva has recently been highlighted as a potential biofluid for COVID-19 diagnostics, [54][55][56][57] directly linked to SARS-COV-2 virus spread, [58] and has been employed for detection of the novel coronavirus with at least comparable sensitivity to a nasopharyngeal swab test during the course of patients' hospitalization. [59] 1.3.…”

Management of Biohazards and Pandemics: COVID-19 and Its Implications in the Construction Sector

“…During the pandemic, the engineers were tasked with developing innovative solutions such as additive manufactured face shields [36] [37], incubators [38] [39] and other assistive technologies [40] [41] [42]. Also, Computational Water, Energy, and Environmental Engineering new techniques have also been developed by bio-engineers based on COVID19 [43] [44]. However, these developments have increased the issues such as plastic wastes and electronic wastes in the environment [45] [46] [47].…”