Saliva Iron and Ferritin Levels  in  Patients With Thalassemia and Iron Deficiency Anemia

Canatan, Duran; Akdeniz, Sevgi Kosaci

doi:10.4084/mjhid.2012.051

Cited by 27 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In addition to serum iron measurements as markers of peripheral iron levels, non-invasive testing of peripheral iron levels in PD patients could potentially be based on testing of saliva iron, since levels of saliva iron correlate well with levels of serum iron [45]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain iron concentrations in regions of interest and relation with serum iron levels in Parkinson disease

Costa-Mallen

Gatenby

Friend

et al. 2017

Journal of the Neurological Sciences

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Brain iron has been previously found elevated in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), but not in other brain regions, of Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. However, iron in circulation has been recently observed to be lower than normal in PD patients. The regional selectivity of iron deposition in brain as well as the relationship between SNpc brain iron and serum iron within PD patients has not been completely elucidated. In this pilot study we measured brain iron in six regions of interest (ROIs) as well as serum iron and serum ferritin, in 24 PD patients and 27 age- gender- matched controls. Brain iron was measured on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a T2 prime (T2’) method. Difference in brain iron deposition between PD cases and controls for the six ROIs were calculated. SNpc / white matter brain iron ratios and SNpc/ serum iron ratios were calculated for each study participant, and differences between PD patients and controls were tested. PD patients overall had higher brain iron than controls in the SNpc. PD patients had significantly higher SNpc / white matter brain iron ratios than controls, and significantly higher brain SNpc iron / serum iron ratios than controls. These results indicate that PD patients’ iron metabolism is disrupted toward a higher partitioning of iron to the brain SNpc at the expenses of iron in the circulation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain iron concentrations in regions of interest and relation with serum iron levels in Parkinson disease

Costa-Mallen

Gatenby

Friend

et al. 2017

Journal of the Neurological Sciences

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“…Their iron overload is a result of increased iron absorption from the small intestine due to ineffective erythropoiesis. They absorb three to four times more iron than unaffected individuals and have high plasma iron and low hepcidin levels (72,73). A mouse model of β-thalassemia intermedia (th3/+) has a similar phenotype (74,75).…”

Section: Hepcidin and Iron Regulation In β-Thalassemiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron regulation by hepcidin

Zhao

Zhang²,

Enns³

2013

J. Clin. Invest.

195

158

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Discovery and function of hepcidin in iron homeostasisHepcidin is a key peptide hormone that regulates iron homeostasis in chordates. Hepcidin was initially characterized as an antimicrobial peptide in a mass spectrometry-based search for cysteine-rich defensin-like peptides in blood (1) and in urine (2). However, both groups showed that hepcidin displays only a weak antimicrobial activity. Further, unlike defensins, which vary in sequence among species, hepcidin is highly conserved from zebrafish to humans. Shortly after hepcidin was described, subtractive hybridization studies comparing the livers of normal and iron overloaded mice established a connection between iron loading and increased hepcidin mRNA (3, 4). The fundamental insight into hepcidin's role in iron homeostasis came in 2004 with the discovery that hepcidin acts to lower iron in the blood by binding to and downregulating the iron transporter, ferroportin (FPN1) (5). FPN1 is the only known transporter that is responsible for the efflux of iron from cells. Downregulation of FPN1 by hepcidin in splenic and hepatic macrophages decreases the ability of macrophages to export recycled iron from senescent rbcs, which constitute the primary source of iron in the plasma. In addition, a high concentration of hepcidin in the blood decreases the transport of iron out of intestinal epithelial cells, further limiting iron in the blood. Control of hepcidin expressionHepcidin is synthesized, processed to an active form, and secreted predominantly by hepatocytes (6, 7). The expression of hepcidin is mediated through the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathways (Figure 1). Under nonpathological conditions, iron levels in the body upregulate hepcidin expression. Although the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood, recent studies have documented the essential roles of hemojuvelin (HJV), hereditary hemochromatosis protein (HFE), transferrin receptor 2 (TfR2), and matriptase-2 (MT2, encoded by the gene TMPRSS6) in the process of hepcidin regulation in humans and animal models as well as of BMP6, neogenin, and BMP receptors (ActRIIA/ALK2/ALK3) in animal models (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17).Intact BMP signaling is essential for hepcidin expression. The canonical BMP-signaling pathway is initiated upon BMP binding to a BMP receptor complex on the cell surface, which activates the receptor kinase to phosphorylate the cytoplasmic proteins SMAD1, SMAD5, and SMAD8. These phosphorylated, receptor-regulated SMADs then form transcription factor complexes with SMAD4, consisting of receptor-regulated SMADs and SMAD4, that translocate into the nucleus to induce the transcription of target genes such as hepcidin (18). In mice, liver-specific disruption of SMAD4 or the BMP receptors ALK2 or ALK3 markedly decreased hepcidin expression, resulting in iron overload (15,19).BMP6. At least 20 BMPs are expressed in mammals. In vitro studies reveal that BMP2, -4, -5, -6, -7, and -9 can robustly induce BMP signaling and markedly increase hepcidin expres...

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“…Salivary metal levels are quite variable and are believed to be affected by diet [3], salivary flow rates [2], occupational exposure [4], and quantity of metal-binding salivary proteins [5]. Analyses of salivary metal content has been related to exposure to toxic metals [2,4], metal-leaching dental devices [6], or the relationship to disease states [7,8]. Previous data describing normal metal levels in healthy adults are limited and scattered, and these studies were hampered by the fact that salivary copper, nickel, iron, and manganese are generally below the limit of detection by even the most sensitive spectro-analytical methods [1,2] including atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) or inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary metals, age, and gender correlate with cultivable oral Candida carriage levels

Norris

Friedman

Chen

et al. 2018

Journal of Oral Microbiology

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Background: Little is known about the normal range of metal levels in unstimulated saliva, nor whether these might impact Candida carriage in healthy individuals. Both are important in determining which populations are at risk for candidiasis, as the availability of metal ions can influence the growth and pathogenesis of Candida albicans. Objective: We quantified salivary metals of healthy individuals to determine the correlation with C. albicans oral colonization. Design: Unstimulated whole saliva was collected from healthy adults and plated to determine fungal carriage, and metal content was measured using ICP-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results: Zinc was most abundant, followed by iron, copper, manganese, and nickel. Cultivable oral Candida carriage was found in 48% of people. Total protein levels did not differ in salivas from donors with or without carriage. However, innate fungicidal activity was increased in donors with carriage; correlations between levels of several metals were stronger in salivas with fungal carriage, indicating a shift in the oral environment. Concentrations of copper and manganese, as well as age and gender, were significantly predictive of carriage levels in a multiple regression model. Conclusions: Salivary copper and manganese content along with age and gender could be used as a predictive metric for individuals that are more susceptible to Candida overgrowth.

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Saliva Iron and Ferritin Levels in Patients With Thalassemia and Iron Deficiency Anemia

Cited by 27 publications

References 11 publications

Brain iron concentrations in regions of interest and relation with serum iron levels in Parkinson disease

Brain iron concentrations in regions of interest and relation with serum iron levels in Parkinson disease

Iron regulation by hepcidin

Salivary metals, age, and gender correlate with cultivable oral Candida carriage levels

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