Salivary and Serum Concentrations of Cortisol and Testosterone at Rest and in Response to Intense Exercise in Boys Versus Men

Adebero, Tony; McKinlay, Brandon J; Theocharidis, Alexandros; Root, Zach; Josse, Andrea R.; Klentrou, Panagiota; Falk, Bareket

doi:10.1123/pes.2019-0091

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…However, often only a few parameters were examined in the same cohort, e.g., immunoglobulins, hormones, or selected interleukins (see below). Furthermore, the relation between salivary parameters and well-described changes in plasma remains rarely investigated [ 11 , 12 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ]. The present pilot study provides a comprehensive overview of exercise-induced changes in salivary parameters in comparison to blood changes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Saliva contains antibodies, growth factors, proteins, organic non-protein compounds, hormones, and specific salivary enzymes [ 10 ]. Fluctuations of the anabolic hormones cortisol and testosterone in saliva [ 3 ] and the correlation of these parameters measured in blood and saliva were reported [ 11 , 12 ]. Elevated levels of salivary IL-6 [ 13 ] and TNF-α [ 14 ] were observed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Salivary Diagnostic for Monitoring Strenuous Exercise—A Pilot Study in a Cohort of Male Ultramarathon Runners

Borchers

Merle

Schöneborn

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Intense physical stress, such as that in ultramarathon running, affects the immune system. For monitoring in sports medicine, non-invasive methods, e.g., salivary analysis, are of interest. This pilot cohort study aimed to assess changes in salivary parameters in response to an ultramarathon. The results were compared to blood parameters. Male, healthy finishers (n = 9, mean age: 48 ± 8.8 years, mean height: 1.8 ± 0.1 m, mean weight: 72.5 ± 7.2 kg, mean BMI: 23.5 ± 1.9 kg/cm²) of a 160 km ultramarathon were included. Saliva and blood samples were collected at three time points: T1 (baseline), T2 (shortly after the ultramarathon) and T3 (after recovery). In saliva, cortisol, testosterone, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, albumin, IgA, α-amylase, aMMP-8, and neopterin were assessed via ELISA. In blood, cortisol, testosterone, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, blood cell counts, procalcitonin, CRP, osmolality, albumin, and α-amylase were analyzed. The statistical evaluation comprised longitudinal testing and cross-sectional testing between saliva and blood using ratios of T2 and T3 to baseline values. Various parameters in saliva and blood changed in response to the ultramarathon. Comparing blood and saliva, the longitudinal changes of testosterone (p = 0.02) and α-amylase (p = 0.03) differed significantly. Despite the limitations of the study, it underlines that saliva is an interesting option for comprehensive monitoring in sports medicine and necessitates further studies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary Diagnostic for Monitoring Strenuous Exercise—A Pilot Study in a Cohort of Male Ultramarathon Runners

Borchers

Merle

Schöneborn

et al. 2022

IJERPH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Cortisol has been reported to acutely elevate in response to exercise. 12,33 Although it has been proposed that exercise must be at an intensity above 60% V̇O 2max for at least 20-30 min to induce an elevation in cortisol levels, this is not always observed. 35 As no acute elevation and a between-trial difference was observed, the RPETP may not have provided a sufficient physiological strain to activate an exercise-induced salivary cortisol response in all participants; as also observed in its plasma surrogate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise-Induced Salivary Hormone Responses to High-Intensity, Self-Paced Running

Leal¹,

Taylor²,

Hough³

2021

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

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Purpose: Physical overexertion can lead to detrimental overreaching states without sufficient recovery, which may be identifiable by blunted exercise-induced cortisol and testosterone responses. A running test (RPETP) elicits reproducible plasma cortisol and testosterone elevations (in a healthy state) and may detect blunted hormonal responses in overreached athletes. This current study determined the salivary cortisol and testosterone responses reproducibility to the RPETP, to provide greater practical validity using saliva compared with the previously utilized blood sampling. Second, the relationship between the salivary and plasma responses was assessed. Methods: A total of 23 active, healthy males completed the RPETP on 3 occasions. Saliva (N = 23) and plasma (N = 13) were collected preexercise, postexercise, and 30 minutes postexercise. Results: Salivary cortisol did not elevate in any RPETP trial, and reduced concentrations occurred 30 minutes postexercise (P = .029, η2 = .287); trial differences were observed (P < .001, η2 = .463). The RPETP elevated (P < .001, η2 = .593) salivary testosterone with no effect of trial (P = .789, η2 = .022). Intraindividual variability was 25% in cortisol and 17% in testosterone. “Fair” intraclass coefficients of .46 (cortisol) and .40 (testosterone) were found. Salivary and plasma cortisol positively correlated (R = .581, P = .037) yet did not for testosterone (R = .345, P = .248). Conclusions: The reproducibility of salivary testosterone response to the RPETP is evident and supports its use as a potential tool, subject to further confirmatory work, to detect hormonal dysfunction during overreaching. Salivary cortisol responds inconsistently in a somewhat individualized manner to the RPETP.

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“…Other fluids are occasionally assessed such as saliva or sweat; but, these fluids can produce a variance in outcomes. For example, Adebero and associates compared salivary and serum concentrations of testosterone and cortisol at rest and in response to intense exercise in boys and men; and, found testosterone was reduced post-exercise in serum but not in saliva (54). VanBruggen and colleagues have attributed such discrepancy in blood-saliva findings as being due to changes in hormonal diffusion rates into the salivary gland-saliva being effected by the physiological consequences of exercise (e.g., plasma volumes shifts, changing hormonal concentration gradients) (55).…”

Section: What Are Situations Inducing Exercise Hypogonadism? Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypogonadism in Exercising Males: Dysfunction or Adaptive-Regulatory Adjustment?

Hackney

2020

Front. Endocrinol.

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For decades researchers have reported men who engaged in intensive exercise training can develop low resting testosterone levels, alterations in their hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, and display hypogonadism. Recently there is renewed interest in this topic since the International Olympic Committee (IOC) Medical Commission coined the term "Relative Energy Deficiency in Sports" (RED-S) as clinical terminology to address both the female-male occurrences of reproductive system health disruptions associated with exercise. This IOC Commission action attempted to move beyond the sex-specific terminology of the "Female Athlete Triad" (Triad) and heighten awareness/realization that some athletic men do have reproductive related physiologic disturbances such as lowered sex hormone levels, HPG regulatory axis alterations, and low bone mineral density similar to Triad women. There are elements in the development and symptomology of exercise-related male hypogonadism that mirror closely that of women experiencing the Triad/RED-S, but evidence also exists that dissimilarities exist between the sexes on this issue. Our research group postulates that the inconsistency and differences in the male findings in relation to women with Triad/RED-S are not just due to sex dimorphism, but that there are varying forms of exercise-related reproductive disruptions existing in athletic men resulting in them displaying a relative hypogonadism condition. Specifically, such conditions in men may derive acutely and be associated with low energy availability (Triad/RED-S) or excessive training load (overtraining) and appear transient in nature, and resolve with appropriate clinical interventions. However, manifestations of a more chronic based hypogonadism that persists on a more permanent basis (years) exist and is termed the "Exercise Hypogonadal Male Condition." This article presents an up-to-date overview of the various types of acute and chronic relative hypogonadism found in athletic, exercising men and proposes mechanistic models of how these various forms of exercise relative hypogonadism develop.

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Salivary and Serum Concentrations of Cortisol and Testosterone at Rest and in Response to Intense Exercise in Boys Versus Men

Cited by 9 publications

References 27 publications

Salivary Diagnostic for Monitoring Strenuous Exercise—A Pilot Study in a Cohort of Male Ultramarathon Runners

Salivary Diagnostic for Monitoring Strenuous Exercise—A Pilot Study in a Cohort of Male Ultramarathon Runners

Exercise-Induced Salivary Hormone Responses to High-Intensity, Self-Paced Running

Hypogonadism in Exercising Males: Dysfunction or Adaptive-Regulatory Adjustment?

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