Salivary biomarkers and proteomics: future diagnostic and clinical utilities

Castagnola, Massimo; Scarano, Emanuele; Passàli, Gc; Messana, Irene; Cabras, Tiziana; Iavarone, Federica; Cintio, Giovanni Di; Fiorita, Antonella; Corso, Eugenio De; Paludetti, Gaetano

doi:10.14639/0392-100x-1598

Cited by 136 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…However, there are limited results in the scientific literature, mostly connected with cortisol and sAA but not IgA, IgG, or IgM [19]. Saliva proved to be a diagnostic fluid to obtain information about the state of the children's health, but not without significance is the non-invasive nature of the examination [39]. Our results showed similar cortisol concentrations in the groups of children with and without ADHD.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Stress/Immune Biomarkers in Saliva among Children with ADHD Status

Krahel

Paszyńska

Słopień

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Background. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate stress and immune biomarkers in saliva samples of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ADHD compared to healthy non-ADHD children. Material and methods. A total of 132 children under 11 years old (8.5 ± 1.1) enrolled in a cross-sectional study: with confirmed ADHD (n = 60) and healthy controls (n = 72). The clinical evaluation included physical measurements (height, waist, hip circumference, body weight, body mass index BMI, BMI z-score) and unstimulated saliva collection and measurements of free cortisol, salivary alpha-amylase (sAA), and secreted immunoglobulins (sIgA, IgG, and IgM) with quantitative assay (ELISA) analysis. Unpaired t-test, Welch test, or Mann–Whitney U test were applied for group comparisons when appropriate, and the correlation between variables was analyzed with Spearman’s rank coefficient. Results were considered significant at p < 0.05. Results. In the ADHD group, body weight (p ≤ 0.01), BMI (p ≤ 0.009), and hip circumference (p ≤ 0.001) significantly differed, while waist size and BMI z-score did not (p > 0.05). Significant elevation of the salivary sAA (p = 0.03), sIgA (p = 0.02), and IgM (p ≤ 0.001) biomarkers were detected, without differences in the morning cortisol (p > 0.05). Significant correlations between cortisol and BMI, hip size, and IgA, as well as between IgG and sAA and IgA were obtained. Conclusions. Saliva can be used to monitor ADHD status with regard to biomarkers indicating the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis, as HPA axis, and sympathetic activity. The results indicate that morning collection of saliva in contrast to unchanged salivary cortisol, may evaluate mentioned above system dysregulations by measurements of sAA and immunoglobulins among ADHD children.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Stress/Immune Biomarkers in Saliva among Children with ADHD Status

Krahel

Paszyńska

Słopień

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…Such changes in the composition of saliva could then be developed into a biomarker. The proteomic approach to saliva was initially introduced in studies of dental and oral diseases and is now applied in generalized conditions such as oncological disorders, addictions, or pediatric disorders [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ]. The aim of this study is to compare the proteome of PD saliva vs. healthy controls (HC), as well as to further analyze specific pathways leading to different expression of proteins.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proteomic Profile of Saliva in Parkinson’s Disease Patients: A Proof of Concept Study

et al. 2021

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Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. It affects many organs. Lewy bodies—a histopathological “hallmark” of PD—are detected in about 75% of PD submandibular gland samples. We hypothesize that saliva can be a source of biomarkers of PD. The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the salivary proteome of PD patients and healthy controls (HC). Salivary samples from 39 subjects (24 PD patients, mean age 61.6 ± 8.2; 15 HC, mean age 60.9 ± 6.7) were collected. Saliva was collected using RNA-Pro-Sal kits. Label-free LC-MS/MS mass spectrometry was performed to characterize the proteome of the saliva. IPA analysis of upstream inhibitors was performed. A total of 530 proteins and peptides were identified. We observed lower concentrations of S100-A16, ARP2/3, and VPS4B in PD group when compared to HC. We conclude that the salivary proteome composition of PD patients is different than that of healthy controls. We observed a lower concentration of proteins involved in inflammatory processes, exosome formation, and adipose tissue formation. The variability of expression of proteins between the two groups needs to be considered.

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“…It allows assessment of biomarkers in fluids (serum, saliva, urine, etc.) such as circulating tumour cells (CTC), DNA and RNA fragments (miRNA), exosomes that originate from cancerous cells, and their characteristics, particularly mutations and number of somatic alterations [87][88][89][90] . Liquid biopsy theoretically provides the individual molecular profile of each cancer over time, and could allow physicians to diagnose a tumour, plan tailored therapy and monitor cancer evolution 91,92 .…”

Section: Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%