Salivary biomarkers-assisted ultrasound-based differentiation of malignant and benign thyroid nodules

Abstract

Background: The incidence of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is increasing annually. ultrasonography (US) is the current primary method for evaluating thyroid nodules; however, there have been persisting challenges in diagnosing borderline malignancies. This paper aimed to establish the differential diagnostic value of salivary biomarkers for thyroid nodules geared towards improving the efficacy of US.Methods: We recruited a total of 44 PTC patients and 42 benign thyroid tumor (BTT) patients to this study. The distribution of tumor markers and thyroid hormones in saliva and serum were compared between groups; then, uni-/multi-variate logistic analyses were used to determine the risk factors of PTC. Further, we estimated the differential diagnostic value of biomarkers in thyroid nodules, especially in borderline scenarios. Finally, a multi-index diagnostic model was constructed constituting biomarkers and US.Results: The distributions of serum thyroglobulin (TG), salivary triiodothyronine (T3), freetriiodothyronine (FT3), and free-thyroxine (FT4) were significantly different in BTT and PTC (P<0.05); salivary FT3 was identified as an independent risk factor for PTC. By analyzing the diagnostic accuracy of various Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS) categories, category 4A was shown to have the lowest diagnostic accuracy (48.39%) with the largest proportion (31 people, 36.05%). In 4A patients, the K-nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithm attained the highest sensitivity of 87.50% and specificity of 100.00% among the machine learning-based multi-biomarkers models. Eventually, by combing the US with the KNN-based biomarkers model, the sensitivity and specificity reached 90.91% and 83.33%, respectively.Conclusions: Salivary biomarkers exhibit good potential in the differential diagnosis of borderline thyroid nodules and they significantly improve the prediction accuracy of the US. Additionally, we found that salivary FT3 is an independent risk factor for PTC and may be used as a key marker for PTC diagnosis.

An Improved k‐Nearest Neighbor Algorithm for Recognition and Classification of Thyroid Nodules

“…32 Zhao et al built a machine learning-based multi-biomarker model using KNN and obtained a better performance. 33 KNN is one of the oldest, the simplest, the most effective and the most important classification algorithms. KNN plays a significant role in the task of thyroid nodules classification.…”

“…Alyas et al gave a comparative analysis between KNN and other normal machine learning algorithms 32 . Zhao et al built a machine learning‐based multi‐biomarker model using KNN and obtained a better performance 33 …”