Salivary biomarkers in the context of gingival inflammation in children with cystic fibrosis

Abstract

Background: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a life-threatening chronic inflammatory disease in children due to respiratory complications. Saliva could serve as a reservoir of bacterial colonization and potentially reflect systemic inflammation. This study investigated whether salivary triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1), peptidoglycan recognition protein 1 (PGLYRP1), interleukin (IL)-1 , and calprotectin are associated with CF or reflect concomitant gingival inflammation. Methods: Ten CF (aged 3 to 12 years) and 10 systemically healthy (SH) age-and sexmatched children (C) were enrolled in the study. Individuals with CF underwent routine laboratory determinations. Probing depth, gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were recorded on fully erupted teeth and saliva samples collected. Salivary TREM-1, PGLYRP1, IL-1 , and calprotectin were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Children with CF had significantly higher BOP scores (P = 0.001) and calprotectin levels (P = 0.017) compared with the C group. TREM-1, PGLYRP1, and IL-1 could not distinguish between CF and SH but showed positive correlation with GI, PI, and BOP in both groups. Calprotectin levels positively correlated with procalcitonin (P = 0.014), thrombocyte counts (P = 0.001), mean platelet volume (P = 0.030), and with PGLYRP1 (P = 0.019) and IL-1 (P = 0.013) in CF children. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for calprotectin (CFvsC) showed an area under the curve of 0.79 (95% CI 0.58 to 0.99, P = 0.034). Conclusions: CF children presented with higher gingival inflammation scores and salivary calprotectin levels, that correlated with systemic inflammatory markers. Salivary calprotectin levels were not associated with periodontal parameters. Hence, preliminary data demonstrate that salivary calprotectin might have a chairside diagnostic potential for CF in children.

Association of peptidoglycan recognition protein 1 to post‐myocardial infarction and periodontal inflammation: A subgroup report from the PAROKRANK (Periodontal Disease and the Relation to Myocardial Infarction) study

“…Our finding of a positive correlation between these molecules indicates that the number and activation of neutrophils by oral bacteria in saliva has a strong influence on the concentration in saliva. It is noteworthy that salivary TREM‐1 levels and IL‐1β levels were not able to distinguish between MI patients and systemically healthy controls despite their levels might closely reflect the presence of gingival inflammation 26,27,43–45 . Although PGLYRP1 has the ability to activate TREM‐1 and IL‐1β in the periodontium, 19,46,47 multiple pathways exist that might influence their expression and stimulation 48 .…”

Elevated serum TREM-1 is associated with periodontitis and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis

“…PGLYRP1 levels were elevated in saliva and GCF of patients with periodontitis, and initial periodontal therapy decreased PGLYRP1 levels in these patients with a stronger effect in non-smokers [27][28][29] . Furthermore, TREM-1 and PGLYRP1 have been investigated in the context of the periodontal and systemic disease link 28,[30][31][32] . In this regard, higher levels of salivary TREM-1 and PGLYRP1 were associated with poorer oral health in chronic kidney disease patients with concomitant periodontitis, and a positive correlation was found between salivary TREM-1 and PGLYRP1 levels 28 .…”

Dental caries and associated salivary biomarkers in patients with cystic fibrosis

“…2,10 An altered salivary profile among CF patients; often associated with a decrease in protection of the oral cavity against oxidative stress, possibly resulting from the oral cavity's ongoing inflammatory and oxidative process was demonstrated. 14 The presented data in the literature shows various changes of salivary composition in CF patients that including protein, calcium, bicarbonate, chloride, potassium, sodium, phosphate, sialic acid, mucins, thiocyanate, cathepsin, and calprotectin, 8,13,14,[23][24][25][26] sIgA, some of the AMPs and immunoglobulins, 27 and microorganismal status. 9 Salivary flow rate, pH, and buffering capacity were also researched.…”