“…Research with children who have faced adversity, including children living in Romanian orphanages or foster care, have shown such stressful circumstances to be associated with higher levels of cortisol over the daytime hours (Gunnar, Morison, Chisholm, & Schuder, ), or blunted early morning cortisol levels and no decrease over the day (Bruce, Fisher, Pears, & Levine, ). Overall, much has been written regarding salivary cortisol (including the diurnal slope and CAR) as a biological marker of chronic stress and we refer the reader to recent reviews on this area (An et al, ; Smyth, Hucklebridge, Thorn, Evans, & Clow, ; Stalder et al, ). Vanaelst, De Vriendt, et al () also provide an overview on epidemiological approaches in the measurement of stress among children between the ages of 6–12 years, covering the use of questionnaires and interviews as well as the cortisol from serum, urine, saliva, and hair.…”