Salivary bone turnover markers in healthy pre- and postmenopausal women: daily and seasonal rhythm

Abstract

No studies had investigated circadian and circannual rhythms of bone biomarkers in whole saliva. We evaluated the salivary daily and seasonal rhythm of carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) and bone alkaline phosphatase (b-ALP). Forty clinical and oral healthy ambulatory pre- and postmenopausal women from two southern Argentine cities: Comodoro Rivadavia (latitude 45º S) and Ushuaia (latitude 54º S) were included in the study. CTX levels were evaluated in serum, urine, and saliva, and b-ALP levels were measured in serum and saliva. In both groups of women, salivary CTX showed a maximum percentage of change early in the morning (80%) and a minimum in the late afternoon (45%), similarly to the pattern observed in urinary samples. No daily rhythm was observed in serum or salivary b-ALP. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels decreased in winter vs. summer (p < 0.01) without differences between the two studied groups. Conversely, parathormone reached higher levels in winter (p < 0.05) which induced a slight non-significant increment in salivary CTX and b-ALP levels. The results showed that, as in serum and urinary samples, salivary CTX exhibits daily and a slight seasonal rhythmicity. Whole non-stimulated saliva is a useful tool to detect several oral and systemic diseases because it has important advantages compared to serum and urinary samples. Then, it may also be a promising sample to test changes in bone metabolism contributing to diagnose and to monitor the therapy of several metabolic bone diseases.

Insights into the Role of Circadian Rhythms in Bone Metabolism: A Promising Intervention Target?

“…Bone metabolism exhibits daily patterns, represented by circadian rhythmicity, of bone turnover markers. In a study including 10 healthy men, the bone resorption marker C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) displayed a diurnal rhythm, peaking at 05:30 (range 01:30 – 07:30) [ 18 ], which was consistent with previous studies [ 19 , 20 ]. FGF23, a component of osteocyte function, also showed rhythmicity [ 21 ].…”

The Salivary Bone Spesific Alkaline Phosphatase in Relation to Pubertal Growth Phase in Indonesian Children

“…It has hence been proven that serum BALP levels fluctuate with puberty, but all of them have assessed BALP levels in serum and not many studies have been carried out in saliva [9][10][11]. It is only recently that whole saliva has gained significant recognition as a biologic sample to detect BALP levels [12]. Research has shown that salivary BALP levels when assessed in rats reflected similar patterns of change to those evaluated in serum under normal, increased or diminished condition of systemic bone turnover [13].…”

Assessment of bone sialoprotein in the saliva of women at peri- and postmenopausal age

“…BSP concentration range in the study population amounting to 0.40-14.97 ng/ml, which was lower than that determined by other authors in the blood serum of healthy people, and with osteoporosis. Studies by Pellegrini et al [28] also showed lower levels of bone turnover markers determined in saliva, compared to the levels measured in serum and urine; however, on the other hand, studies by various authors have produced different results obtained by the use of different research methods.…”

“…These include pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline, CTx (crosslinked C-telopeptide), which are markers of bone resorption, and ALP, in particular its bone fraction (BSAP), which are markers of bone formation [16]. However, the saliva concentrations of pyridinoline and deoxypiridinoline in patients with osteoporosis were significant higher in comparison with the control group, and osteopenia group [28]. Another study concerning 5-year observations of the relationships between the bone turnover marker saliva concentrations, e.g.…”