Salivary concentrations of macrophage activation-related chemokines are influenced by non-surgical periodontal treatment: a 12-week follow-up study

Abstract

Background: During periodontal inflammation, bacteria induces chemokine expression and migration of various inflammatory cells. The aim of the study was to learn if periodontal treatment alters salivary concentrations of macrophage activation-related chemokines and if such alterations correlate with abundance of periodontitis-associated bacteria.Methods: Twenty-five patients with periodontitis completed the study (NCT02913248 at clinicaltrials.gov). Periodontal parameters and stimulated saliva samples were obtained at baseline and 2, 6 and 12 weeks after non-surgical periodontal treatment. Salivary concentrations of monocyte chemoattractant proteins (MCP-1-4), macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), monokine induced by interferon-gamma (MIG), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP-1α) and interferon-inducible protein (IP-10) were quantified using the Luminex® xMAP™ technique and abundance of bacteria was quantified using next-generation sequencing.Results: The treatment improved all periodontal parameters and caused an increase in the concentrations of MCP-2, MDC and MIP-1α at week 12 compared to baseline, week 2 and week 6, respectively. Salivary concentrations of MCP-1-2, MDC, MIG, MIP-1α and IP-10 correlated with the abundance of specific periodontitis-associated bacteria.Conclusions: Periodontal treatment impacts salivary concentrations of MCP-2, MDC and MIP-1α, which correlate with the abundance of specific periodontitis-associated bacteria. This indicates that these chemokines reflect periodontal status and possess potential in illustrating a response to treatment.

Elevated Baseline Salivary Protease Activity May Predict the Steadiness of Gingival Inflammation During Periodontal Healing: A 12-Week Follow-Up Study on Adults

“…Clinical parameters responded positively to nonsurgical periodontal treatment. Detailed description of the changes in bleeding on probing (BOP), plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment level (CAL) scores during the follow-up were published previously [ 20 , 22 ]. In brief, the following clinical measurement scores were recorded during the baseline and periodontal healing: PI: 84.2% (baseline), 41% (week 2), 43% (week 6), and 41.8% (week 12); BOP: 56% (baseline), 27.1% (week 2), 34.6% (week 6), 41.3% (week 12); and PD: 3.4 mm (baseline), 3.0 mm (week 12).…”

“…As an inflammatory cell-recruiting chemokine, MIP-1α attracts first cytotoxic T cells, and at a later stage, directs B-lymphocytes to wounded tissues in order to induce an acute inflammatory zone [ 8 ]. In addition to MIP-1α, as shown in a recent follow-up study on nonsurgical treatment of periodontitis patients, MDC levels in saliva correlate with the abundance of specific periodontitis-related bacteria, reflecting the disease stage and predicted treatment outcomes [ 20 ]. Steady concentrations of salivary MIP-1α have been detected at baseline and 16 weeks after periodontal treatment [ 30 ], which was also observed in our study.…”

“…This research work is the continuation of a recently published study series on periodontal healing, using salivary samples of the same study population [ 20 , 22 ]. The recruitment of periodontitis patients, their treatments with clinical recordings, and saliva sample and data collections were performed at the Department of Odontology, University of Copenhagen, from September 2016 to the beginning of January 2017.…”

“…A minimum of 2 mL paraffin-stimulated saliva sample was collected from each patient before and 2, 6, and 12 weeks after periodontal treatment [ 20 ]. Saliva collections were performed between 8 a.m. and 3 p.m. by the same clinician (M.A.G.…”

“…General aims in periodontal research on salivary diagnostics are to find marker(s) that could be used, preferably as chairside tests, e.g., to determine the activity of periodontitis or the outcome of the treatment, or, to a lesser extent, to detect periodontitis in field studies. Elevated levels of proteolytic enzymes ( P. gingivalis gingipain, human neutrophil elastase, matrix metalloproteinases, total proteolytic activity), cytokines (interleukin-1β), and chemokines (MDC, MIP-1α, MCP-2) have been found in tissue and saliva samples of periodontitis patients in comparison to their controls [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. Here, we hypothesized that elevated salivary protease activity of both host and bacterial origin are related to delayed tissue healing after periodontal treatment, thus can act as predictive indicator of treatment outcome.…”