Salivary Cytokines and the Association Between Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome and Periodontal Disease

Abstract

The present findings suggest that OSAS may have an increasing effect on salivary IL-6 and IL-33 concentrations regardless of OSAS severity. Additional investigation is required to elucidate a potential bidirectional relationship between OSAS and periodontal disease.

Associations among Inflammatory Biomarkers in the Circulating, Plasmatic, Salivary and Intraluminal Anatomical Compartments in Apparently Healthy Preschool Children from the Western Highlands of Guatemala

“…Plasma cytokines were not concurrently measured. Similar explorations of salivary cytokines with systemic diseases have been reported individually including: inflammatory bowel diseases [42]; pediatric type 1 diabetes [43]; obesity-related sleep apnea [44]; and cutaneous lichen planus [45]. Cytokines elevations were found for IL-8 among 90 salivary proteins after total body irradiation [46], similarly anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, rose in saliva of airway-disease patients when exposed to thermal sulfur water bath therapy [47].…”

Does Obstructive Sleep Apnea Increase the Risk for Periodontal Disease? A Case‐Control Study

“…Furthermore, all clinical periodontal parameters, including PI, GI, BOP, PD, and CAL, were significantly higher in the OSA group than in the controls. Other studies have also reported higher, but not statistically significant, periodontal indices in patients with OSA 10,18‐20 . Reported prevalence of periodontitis ranged between 17.5% and 77% to 79% in patients with OSA 8–12 .…”

“…Different prevalence results between these two studies may be explained by differences in the distribution of OSA groups. Other studies did not clearly define periodontitis or they used clinical parameters, such as PD or CAL, instead of the AAP/CDC classification 10,18‐20 …”

“…However, in these studies, only the periodontal status of patients was examined. Furthermore, only one group of investigators evaluated salivary‐serum cytokine concentrations and subgingival bacteria in patients with OSA in the same patient population 18–20 . It was demonstrated that OSA appeared to alter the tested bacteria in plaque and was correlated with increasing periodontal disease severity and higher salivary IL‐6 levels 19 , 20 …”

Higher interleukin-33 levels in aggressive periodontitis cases

“…[36] Nizam et al have quantified and noted increased salivary cytokines, including IL-33 in sleep apnea patients as compared to controls. [37] In recent implant studies, IL-33 levels in peri-implantar crevicular fluid were seen to be significantly higher in peri-implantitis and peri-implant mucositis group when compared to healthy group. [38] Peri-implant fluid levels of IL-33 from mucositis sites were seen to be independent of the degree of bone resorption around implants or teeth.…”