Salivary Detection of COVID-19

Caulley, Lisa; Corsten, Martin; Eapen, Libni; Whelan, Jonathan; Angel, Jonathan B.; Antonation, Kym; Bastien, Nathalie; Poliquin, Guillaume; Johnson‐Obaseki, Stephanie

doi:10.7326/m20-4738

Cited by 72 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Only 16 articles reported the sex of the patients; in total, 1390 men and 1205 women were included in this review. Mean age was 55.6 years (ranging from 18 25 to 106 years 27; Williams et al, Becker et al, Iwasaki et al, Caulley et al, Sakanashi et al, and Mestdagh et al did not report the sex of the subjects 13 , 23 , 24 , 31 , 33 , 34 , while Wyllie et al, Becker et al, Nagura-Ikeda et al, Caulley et al, Sakanashi et al, and Mestdagh et al did not report the age of the subjects 21 , 23 , 28 , 31 , 33 , 34 . Saliva sample collection.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Saliva sample for the massive screening of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review

Cañete

Valenzuela

Garcés

et al. 2021

Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology

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Objectives : This systematic review aims to describe the value of saliva as a non-invasive sample for the detection of SARS-CoV-2, in comparison with the current method for sample collection, the nasopharyngeal swabs. Methods : We conducted a systematic review of the literature, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations. We searched in 5 databases: PubMed, Cochrane, EBSCO, Elsevier, and MEDLINE, and included articles published between December 2019 and July 2020. Results : This review included 22 publications that met inclusion criteria, 17 of which were case series, 2 case reports, and 3 massive screenings. All articles compared saliva with nasopharyngeal swabs. The detection rate of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva was similar to NPS. The sensitivity ranged between 20% and 97%, and specificity ranged between 66 and 100%. Conclusions : This systematic review found that saliva might be an appropriate, fast, painless, simple, and non-invasive sample for SARS-CoV-2 detection, making it ideal for massive screening of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Saliva sample for the massive screening of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review

Cañete

Valenzuela

Garcés

et al. 2021

Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology

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“…Salivary testing might be less sensitive and might have other handling constraints (ie, rapid time to processing) that require further study. 49 Poor sampling could yield false negative results. This possibility was suggested in the report of four symptomatic individuals from Italy who initially had negative nasopharyngeal RT-PCR tests taken by non-otolaryngologists, which were positive when a repeat sample was obtained by an otolaryngologist 6–72 hours later.…”

Section: Recommendations To Help Define the Persistently Asymptomaticmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards an accurate and systematic characterisation of persistently asymptomatic infection with SARS-CoV-2

Meyerowitz

Richterman

Bogoch

et al. 2021

The Lancet Infectious Diseases

157

151

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“…However, in our study, we recruited only hospitalized COVID-19 patients affected by a severe form of the disease. In the following weeks, other studies investigated the role of saliva as a diagnostic tool by also recruiting symptomatic patients with a milder form of the disease (Becker et al 2020; Caulley et al 2020; Iwasaki et al 2020; Jamal et al 2020; Kim, Lee, et al 2020; McCormick-Baw et al 2020; Migueres et al 2020; Nagura-Ikeda et al 2020; Pasomsub et al 2020; Williams et al 2020; Wyllie et al 2020). Most of these studies reported the results of analyses conducted with small- and medium-sized patient cohorts (i.e., 200 subjects or fewer), although studies with larger cohorts (i.e., about 1,000 subjects) have been recently published (Caulley et al 2020; Zhu, Guo, et al 2020).…”

Section: The Detection Of Sars-cov-2 In Salivamentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic Salivary Tests for SARS-CoV-2

et al. 2020

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The diagnosis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection relies on the detection of viral RNA by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) performed with respiratory specimens, especially nasopharyngeal swabs. However, this procedure requires specialized medical personnel, centralized laboratory facilities, and time to provide results (from several hours up to 1 d). In addition, there is a non-negligible risk of viral transmission for the operator who performs the procedure. For these reasons, several studies have suggested the use of other body fluids, including saliva, for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. The use of saliva as a diagnostic specimen has numerous advantages: it is easily self-collected by the patient with almost no discomfort, it does not require specialized health care personnel for its management, and it reduces the risks for the operator. In the past few months, several scientific papers, media, and companies have announced the development of new salivary tests to detect SARS-CoV-2 infection. Posterior oropharyngeal saliva should be distinguished from oral saliva, since the former is a part of respiratory secretions, while the latter is produced by the salivary glands, which are outside the respiratory tract. Saliva can be analyzed through standard (rRT-PCR) or rapid molecular biology tests (direct rRT-PCR without extraction), although, in a hospital setting, these procedures may be performed only in addition to nasopharyngeal swabs to minimize the incidence of false-negative results. Conversely, the promising role of saliva in the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection is highlighted by the emergence of point-of-care technologies and, most important, point-of-need devices. Indeed, these devices can be directly used in workplaces, airports, schools, cinemas, and shopping centers. An example is the recently described Rapid Salivary Test, an antigen test based on the lateral flow assay, which detects the presence of the virus by identifying the spike protein in the saliva within a few minutes.

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Salivary Detection of COVID-19

Cited by 72 publications

References 5 publications

Saliva sample for the massive screening of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review

Saliva sample for the massive screening of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review

Towards an accurate and systematic characterisation of persistently asymptomatic infection with SARS-CoV-2

Diagnostic Salivary Tests for SARS-CoV-2

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