“…Based on the etiology of enamel demineralization, the strategies to prevent or treat enamel demineralization include: 1) Using antibacterial agents such as mouthwash or toothpaste containing antibacterial drugs (Hefti and Huber, 1987;Afennich et al, 2011;Hossainian et al, 2011;Rösing et al, 2017;Ahmed et al, 2019;Bijle et al, 2019;Guven et al, 2019;Karadağlıoğlu et al, 2019;Shang et al, 2020) which could inhibit the accumulation and adhesion of cariogenic bacteria on the enamel surface to reduce the acid production from plaque biofilms; 2) Using fluorinated agents such as fluoride mouthwash (Chow et al, 2000;Songsiripradubboon et al, 2014;Larsson et al, 2020) and fluoride varnish (Gontijo et al, 2007;Marinho, 2009;Perrini et al, 2016), which could not only inhibit cariogenic bacteria but release fluorine, cocrystallize with calcium and phosphorus ions to form fluorapatite on the enamel surface (Margolis and Murphy, 1986;Zandim-Barcelos et al, 2011).…”