Salivary fluoride concentration following toothbrushing with and without rinsing: a randomised controlled trial

Abstract

Background Caries prevalence has declined significantly since the introduction of fluoridated toothpaste. There have been several developments regarding specific active fluoride ingredients but not enough evidence to support one over the other. The purpose of this double-blind randomized controlled trial was to compare salivary fluoride concentrations of different fluoride formulations in the form of toothpaste with and without post-brushing water rinsing in adults. Methods The study included 120 participants who were randomly assigned to one of 12 groups (10 participants/group). The toothpaste formulas investigated included (1) fluoride-free (0 ppmF); (2) sodium fluoride (1450 ppmF); (3) sodium monofluorophosphate (1450 ppmF); (4) sodium fluoride and monofluorophosphate combined (1450 ppmF); (5) stannous fluoride and sodium fluoride combined (1450 ppmF); and (6) amine fluoride (1400 ppmF). Block randomisation was used to assign each participant to one of the 12 groups. Participants brushed with 1.0 g of one of the six different toothpaste formulations either with or without post-brushing water rinsing. Saliva was collected at six different times (baseline and at 1, 15, 30, 60, and 90 min/s post-brushing). Samples were analysed using a fluoride ion-specific sensitive electrode connected to an ion analyser. Results The demographic characteristics of the participants were not significantly different among the groups (P > 0.05). Time, toothpaste formulation, and post-brushing rinsing routines had significant effects on saliva fluoride retention (P < 0.05). Amine fluoride-containing toothpaste was the only formula that showed statistically significantly higher concentrations of salivary fluoride at 90 min in both the rinsing and non-rinsing groups. Sodium monofluorophosphate toothpaste did not result in a significant difference compared to the control group at any time point, in both rinsing and non-rinsing groups. Conclusions Based on the results from this study, no rinsing after toothbrushing in adults can be recommended when sodium monofluorophosphate containing toothpaste formula is used. It also concludes that amine fluoride resulted in a significantly higher saliva fluoride concentration at 90 min in both the rinsing and non-rinsing groups compared to other fluoride toothpaste formulations. Registry: Protocol Registration and Results System (ClinicalTrials.gov). Clinical trial registration number: NCT02740803 (15/04/2016).

Correlation between salivary immunoglobulin A and interleukin-1beta in smokers with dental caries

“…Saliva’s buffering capability, the ability of saliva to wash the surface of the tooth, clear bacteria, control purification and mineralization, and saliva’s antibacterial activities and other mechanisms all contribute to its primary role in the health of teeth. 1 , 3 , 12 Several studies have confirmed that knowledge of the functional properties of saliva as well as those of its separate components allows for a better assessment of susceptibility to dental caries. 12 …”

“…Therefore, a clinical difficulty assessment system for the prevention and management of dental caries was developed based on the diagnosis and classification of dental caries. 1 It is a widespread infectious disease, caused by several factors determined by the dynamic balance between pathological and protective factors. 2 , 3 Those agents cause local destruction of sensitive hard tooth tissues by acidic byproducts of bacterial fermentation of dietary carbohydrates.…”

Correlation between salivary immunoglobulin A and interleukin-1beta in smokers with dental caries

“…Saliva's buffering capability, the ability of saliva to wash the surface of the tooth, clear bacteria, control purification and mineralization, and saliva's antibacterial activities and other mechanisms all contribute to its primary role in the health of teeth. 1,3,12 Several studies have confirmed that knowledge of the functional properties of saliva as well as those of its separate components allows for a better assessment of susceptibility to dental caries. 12 Cytokines play a large role in regulating many aspects of the immune response, so they are useful tools for diagnosing and monitoring the oral cavity along with other factors.…”

Salivary fluoride concentrations following toothbrushing with experimental toothpaste containing S-PRG filler

“…As for toothbrushing methodology, the brushing manner used in this research was based on the recommendation by The Japanese Association for Dental Science (Fluoride Working Group) for adults [64] which modi ed the F toothbrushing technique by Sjögren et al [65], except for the amount of usage. Salivary Fconcentration and F retention after toothbrushing with uoridated dentifrices are affected by several factors in relation to a) salivary ow rates [10,[66][67][68], b) swallowing of saliva [10,67], c) F concentrations and formulations in dentifrices [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][60][61][62][63][69][70][71][72][73][74][75], d) amount of dentifrices usage [5,6,8,10,47,65,69,[76][77][78] along with a time required for tooth brushing [10,47,65,69], e) amount of water and frequencies of mouth rinsing…”

“…Toda and Featherstone demonstrated that the concentrations of free Fin 1000 ppm F MFP dentifrices diluted with double-deionized water showed only around 30-40 ppm, while 1100 ppm F NaF dentifrices showed around 1000-1100 ppm, respectively [9]. This is one of the reasons why Fconcentration in saliva following toothbrushing with NaF dentifrices showed not only signi cantly higher Fconcentration, but also more prolonged salivary retention than MFP dentifrices [10][11][12]. Thus, it is important for free Fto be supplied to the oral cavity in relatively high concentrations (more than 0.04 ppm F in saliva) over long periods.…”