Salivary Lead Levels among Workers in Different Industrial Areas in the West Bank of Palestine: a Cross-Sectional Study

Shawahna, Ramzi; Zyoud, Ahed; Naseef, Omar; Muwafi, Kamil; Matar, Abdullah

doi:10.1007/s12011-020-02567-0

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 50 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The lactating women who agreed to take part in the study were asked to sign a written informed consent. The women also responded to items in a questionnaire that was developed based on previous studies that investigated heavy metals in breast milk [19][20][21][22]. The questionnaire collected the demographic variables of the lactating women like age, number of children, age of child, employment status, place of residence, household monthly income, and educational status.…”

Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breastmilk cadmium levels and estimated infant exposure: a multicenter study of associated factors in a resource-limited country

Shawahna,

Saleh,

Owiwi

et al. 2023

Int Breastfeed J

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background Despite the undisputed benefits of breastfeeding, infants might become exposed to xenobiotics that could be excreted into breast milk following maternal exposure. This study was conducted to assess breastmilk cadmium levels among lactating women in Palestine, a resource-limited country. Estimated daily intake (EDI) of cadmium via breastmilk was also calculated and predictors of high breastmilk cadmium levels and high infant exposure via breastmilk were identified. Methods This multicenter study was conducted using a descriptive-analytical design. The lactating women were recruited from different maternity and public health clinics in all regions of Palestine. Demographic variables and exposure to sources of cadmium were collected in an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Foremilk samples (about 5 mL) were collected in polyethylene tubes using the hand-expression technique. The breast milk samples were collected in the period between December 2020 and March 2021. A pre-validated method using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to quantify breastmilk cadmium levels. EDI values were calculated from the quantified breastmilk cadmium levels. Results Breastmilk samples were obtained from 256 lactating women. The mean breastmilk cadmium level was 0.34 (SD: 0.33) μg / L and the mean EDI of cadmium via breastmilk was 0.059 (SD: 0.058) µg / kg per body weight / day. Breastmilk cadmium levels were quantified in 92.6% of the breastmilk samples. Of the breastmilk samples, 13 (5.1%) had cadmium levels above those reported as “normal” by the World Health Organization (WHO). Multiple linear regression showed that higher breastmilk cadmium levels and higher EDI were predicted by being a smoker, living in a refugee camp, living close to an industrial area, living close to disposal of wastes, living close to paint shops, living in a house with peeling / chipping paint, frequent use of cosmetics, frequent use of hair dyes, and not using vitamins. Conclusion The breastmilk cadmium levels and infant exposure were predicted by maternal exposure to sources of cadmium. The findings reported in this study are valuable to antenatal and postnatal healthcare service providers. More studies are needed to plan and implement measures to reduce breastmilk cadmium levels and infants’ exposure to cadmium via breastmilk.

show abstract

Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breastmilk cadmium levels and estimated infant exposure: a multicenter study of associated factors in a resource-limited country

Shawahna,

Saleh,

Owiwi

et al. 2023

Int Breastfeed J

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The lactating women who agreed to participate in the study were asked to complete a paper questionnaire in the maternity and healthcare centres. The questionnaire contained 13 items and was informed by previous related studies 3,7–13 . The questionnaire is provided as Table S2.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sample size for this study was calculated using the following equation 7–13 :

Sample size ()(, n) goodbreak= \frac{z^{2} σ^{2}}{D^{2}}

where Z was 1.96, D was a precision of one, and σ was 10 3 . The sample size needed for this study was 385.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Breastmilk calcium concentrations in Palestinian lactating women

Shawahna,

Abdi,

Bani‐Odeh

et al. 2024

Acta Paediatrica

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

AimBreastmilk calcium concentrations can vary between lactating women and over the lactation period. This study assessed breastmilk calcium concentrations among Palestinian lactating women.MethodsThe demographic and dietary variables of the lactating women were collected using a questionnaire. The women provided a sample of about 5 mL of breastmilk using hand expression. Breastmilk calcium concentrations were quantified using an inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometric method.ResultsBreastmilk samples were taken from 240 lactating women. The mean breastmilk calcium concentration was 285.4 ± 115.1 mg/L. Lower breastmilk calcium concentrations were associated with age, lactating period, unemployment, dissatisfaction with income and insufficient consumption of vitamins and minerals.ConclusionBreastmilk calcium concentrations were affected by demographic variables of the lactating women and insufficient consumption of vitamins and minerals. The findings reported in this study are informative to healthcare providers and decision makers who might be interested in improving the health of lactating women and their infants.

show abstract