Salivary macrophage chemokines as potential biomarkers of gingivitis

Abstract

Objective The present study aimed to analyze the salivary levels of macrophage-activating factor (MAF), macrophage-chemotactic factor (MCF), and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in healthy and gingivitis patients, and to correlate between the concentrations of these chemo attractants with the intensity of gingival inflammation clinically. Methods Sixty saliva specimens were collected from periodontally healthy (n = 30), and gingivitis patients (n = 30). Bleeding on probing (BOP), Visible Plaque Index (VPI), and Simplified Modified Gingival Index (SMGI) were recorded through clinical examination. Salivary MAF, MCF, and MIF concentrations were assayed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (version 28). Total mean score for each biomarker was determined, and descriptive bivariate statistics were conducted to characterize the levels of biomarkers among the study groups. The difference in the biomarker levels among the study groups were analyzed by independent sample t test and one-way ANOVA. The diagnostic ability of the biomarkers was further tested by ROC curve analysis. Results Salivary levels of MAF was not significantly different between periodontally healthy individuals and gingivitis patients. The difference in MCF and MIF levels between patients with gingivitis and those with healthy periodontium was statistically significant (p 0.05 and p 0.001, respectively). When examined across the various stages of disease progression, MIF showed statistically significant difference among the three biomarkers (p 0.05). ROC curve analysis further revealed that area under the curve (AUC) for MIF has a better diagnostic capacity than MCF (AUC 0.981 vs. 0.673). Conclusions Our results suggest that MIF could be considered as a potential salivary biomarker for gingivitis.

Salivary and serum nitric oxide synthase, macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha and macrophage migration inhibitory factor levels in periodontal disease

“…There was no difference between periodontal health and diseases at salivary-MIF levels in this study. These results are contrary to other studies showing increased saliva-MIF levels in gingivitis [ 39 ] and periodontitis [ 38 , 39 ] when compared with periodontally healthy controls. However, in agreement with our results, in a previous study difference was not shown at MIF levels in saliva between periodontally healthy, gingivitis and periodontitis patients [ 40 ].…”

Does smoking influence tryptophan metabolism in periodontal inflammation? A cross‐sectional study

“…Only periodontitis patients were included in this study to investigate the impact of smoking, which is a major risk factor for periodontal diseases, via tryptophan metabolites. However, gingivitis, the most prevalent form of periodontal disease, can proceed to periodontitis in susceptible individuals if left untreated, emphasizing the significance of early detection and treatment of gingivitis 71 . The transition from gingivitis to the early stages of periodontitis has been associated with an increase in proinflammatory cytokines 72 .…”

“…However, gingivitis, the most prevalent form of periodontal disease, can proceed to periodontitis in susceptible individuals if left untreated, emphasizing the significance of early detection and treatment of gingivitis. 71 The transition from gingivitis to the early stages of periodontitis has been associated with an increase in proinflammatory cytokines. 72 The identification of critical salivary biomarkers in gingivitis serves to detect these instances and observe the progression of periodontal disease.…”

Periodontitis exacerbation during pregnancy in mice: Role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor as a key inductor

“…14,22 Moreover, high levels of MIF have been documented in the gingival crevicular fluid, saliva, and serum of individuals with periodontal disease. [23][24][25] The high levels of MIF, in samples from PT patients, suggest that it plays an important role in the physiopathology of periodontal tissues, mainly in free gingiva and junctional epithelium, as well as in keratinocytes, basal cells, and fibroblasts, 26 and probably also plays an important role in osteoclastogenesis. 27 MIF is also expressed in reproductive tissues, and its expression responds to hormonal changes; for example, at low concentrations of estradiol, the expression of MIF is initiated, while at high concentrations of estradiol, the production of MIF is suppressed.…”

“…MIF expression has been detected in the epithelial tissue of patients with PT 14,22 . Moreover, high levels of MIF have been documented in the gingival crevicular fluid, saliva, and serum of individuals with periodontal disease 23–25 . The high levels of MIF, in samples from PT patients, suggest that it plays an important role in the physiopathology of periodontal tissues, mainly in free gingiva and junctional epithelium, as well as in keratinocytes, basal cells, and fibroblasts, 26 and probably also plays an important role in osteoclastogenesis 27 …”