Salivary microbiome in patients undergoing hemodialysis and its associations with the duration of the dialysis

Abstract

Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, especially those with end stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing hemodialysis (HD), exhibit high prevalence of periodontitis. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the periodontal status of HD patients and its relationship with salivary microbiome. Methods One hundred eight HD patients and one hundred healthy control individuals were recruited. They were subjected to periodontal examination followed by saliva samples collection for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results The HD patients were with worse periodontal health status, and exhibited higher salivary microbial diversity and lower richness. The periodontal pathogens were significantly enriched in the HD patients. The inferred functional analyze showed microbes enriched in the HD patients were mainly related to metabolism. Despite the periodontal status and overall structure of the microbiome were not significantly altered as the HD duration prolonged, the abundance of Lachnospiraceae [G-2] sp. |HMT_096| is positively correlated with the duration of HD and the community periodontal index (CPI). Five OTUs (operational taxonomic units) belonging to the phyla Firmicutes were enriched as the duration prolonged, and four OTUs originated from the phyla Proteobacteria were negatively related with the CPI index. ESRD patients undergoing HD exhibited microbiota structural, compositional and functional differences compared with the healthy controls. And the species changed as the duration of hemodialysis prolonged. Conclusions End stage renal disease changes salivary microbiome and is a risk factor for oral dysbiosis.

Association between periodontitis and chronic kidney disease

“…gingivalis), and a reduction in some health-associated taxa, including Rothia, compared with non-renal controls. 108 It has recently been…”

“…Similarly, patients undergoing in‐center hemodialysis demonstrated increased bacterial diversity, higher abundances of disease‐associated taxa (including the genus Neisseria and the “red complex” pathogen Po. gingivalis ), and a reduction in some health‐associated taxa, including Rothia , compared with non‐renal controls 108 . It has recently been shown that induction of experimental uremia caused significant alveolar bone loss in both rat and mouse models of uremia (Randall et al, 2021 ‐ unpublished 39 ).…”

Natural Bioactive Compounds in the Management of Oral Diseases in Nephropathic Patients

“…For this reason, the alteration of oral microbiota composition could represent a risk factor for the CDNCDs onset. Therefore, these systemic diseases could induce, in turn, an alteration of the oral microbiota that is associated with an increased susceptibility to the oral disease onset [19,20]. Currently, one of the main topics of research is focusing on the use of strategies to prevent alterations of the oral microbiota and to safeguard the host's general health [18].…”

Using nanopore sequencing to obtain complete genomes from saliva samples

“…As this genome did not have good coverage by the Illumina reads (0.3X coverage), this assembly currently represents a draft genome that was not further analyzed, and likely would have a higher ANI to the published genome with increased short-read coverage for polishing. Lachnospiraceae HMT-096 is very poorly understood, but its abundance in saliva was positively correlated with hemodialysis in patients with chronic and end-stage kidney disease (Duan et al, 2020).…”