Salivary response to olfactory food stimuli in anorexics and bulimics

LeGoff, Daniel B.; Leichner, Pierre; Spigelman, Manly N.

doi:10.1016/s0195-6663(88)80018-7

Cited by 48 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…This is illustrated by a study that investigated foodinduced salivation as a function of two extreme styles of 'dietary restraint', i.e. strict and unrelenting dieting exemplified by a group of restricting anorexic patients, and variable dieting exemplified by a group of bulimic patients (LeGoff et al 1988). These participants were asked to identify various odours with their eyes closed.…”

Section: Externality and Dietary Restraintmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The explanation for the reduced anticipatory salivation and hunger associated with the unrelenting anorexic style of dietary restriction is that these conditioned responses have been extinguished, because typically little or nothing is consumed on occasions when food-related stimuli are present (Herman et a1. 1981;LeGoff et al 1988). This implies that, despite their undernourished weight, the presence of food and food-related stimuli will have a relatively weak stimulatory effect on appetite for such individuals.…”

Section: Externality and Dietary Restraintmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Eating habits and appetite control: a psychobiological perspective

Rogers

1999

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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An individual's eating behaviour is shaped by factors ranging from economic conditions and cultural practices to biological influences. The physiological system controlling appetite appears to be adapted to solving the problem of an unevenness of food supply across time, and is fairly permissive in its response to undereating and overeating. Consequently, when food is abundant, the diet is energy dense and energy expenditure is low, there is a strong tendency to become obese (i.e. obesity is better viewed as due to a 'toxic' environment than to faulty physiological control of appetite). Under such conditions the most common method of avoiding obesity is through the cognitive control of eating. However, dietary restraint and dieting are demanding tasks, and are associated with psychological costs, including significant impairment of cognitive performance. Restraint is also prone to disinhibition, with the result that it can sometimes undermine eating control, even leading to the development of highly disordered eating patterns. In part, these difficulties are due to the self-perpetuating nature of dietary habits: for example, hunger tends to be diminished during strict unbroken dieting, but increased in individuals having a highly variable eating pattern (such as occurs when eating is frequently disinhibited). These features of appetite control provide both barriers and opportunities for changing behaviour. Accordingly, there is a need for future research to focus on the psycho-social factors and the dieting practices predicting successful eating and weight control, with the objective of identifying the actual cognitive and behavioural strategies used by the many dieters and restrained eaters who are able to achieve weight loss and maintain long-term weight stability. Appetite: Satiety: Obesity: Dieting: Cognitive functionIn theory and practice in the fields of nutrition, dietetics, medicine and psychology it is common to hear the argument that human eating behaviour is shaped by many factors, ranging from physiological to cognitive and socio-cultural influences. At the same time it has to be said that researchare also relevant to food choice. A more detailed account of the main arguments can be found in Mela & Rogers (1998).Some biological backgrounders, in particular, generally adopt a highly focused approach in the work that they actually carry out. The present paper Homeostasis and the control of appetite and body weight attempts to present a broader perspective onkating habits and appetite control, in which cognitive and learned influences on behaviour are integrated with biological mechanisms contributing to energy balance. This is discussed primarily in relation to the control of energy intake and the problem of overweight and obesity, although the principles An assumption of most biological perspectives on eating behaviour is that appetite is controlled by a homeostatic system that serves to maintain energy andor nutrient balances. Such homeostatic models of motivation use ideas derived from engineering c...

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Section: Externality and Dietary Restraintmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Externality and Dietary Restraintmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eating habits and appetite control: a psychobiological perspective

Rogers

1999

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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“…Some investigators argue that these findings reflect tight cognitive control of normal appetite. However, relative to healthy comparison women, those with AN show reduced salivation, a heightened autonomic response to food, and fear and disgust in response to images of food (27,43), suggesting conditioned responses similar to those seen in simple phobias.Knowledge regarding signals and systems involved in mealto-meal regulation of food intake is rapidly expanding. Although newly found systems are studied exhaustively as they relate to obesity, their roles and responses in AN are left largely unexamined.…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

Insulin, glucose, and pancreatic polypeptide responses to a test meal in restricting type anorexia nervosa before and after weight restoration

Kinzig¹,

Coughlin²,

Redgrave³

et al. 2007

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

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Prolonged malnutrition in individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) has been associated with alterations in endocrine function that may play a sustaining role in the disorder. We hypothesized that abnormalities in endocrine responses to ingestion of a meal in AN are reversible and depend on weight restoration. We measured meal-induced endocrine responses in AN subjects at three time points during hospitalization: before refeeding (n ϭ 13, mean BMI 16.7 kg/m 2 ), after 2 wk of refeeding (mean BMI 18.0 kg/m 2 ), and in the weight-restored state (mean BMI 20.3 kg/m 2 ). Control subjects (n ϭ 13, BMI 19 -24.9 kg/m 2 ) were tested once. Tests were 2.5-h sessions in which blood was drawn every 15 min before, during, and after a ϳ650-kcal test breakfast. Relative to controls, peak levels of glucose were depressed and peak levels of insulin in response to ingestion of the test meal were delayed, with response patterns in the third trial most similar to controls. Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) levels were increased in AN relative to controls regardless of weight status. The delay in insulin release and elevated PP levels did not correct with short-term refeeding and may contribute to the high relapse rates and maintenance of AN.eating disorders; pancreatic function; refeeding ANOREXIA NERVOSA (AN) is a highly morbid pathological condition with the highest mortality rate among psychiatric disorders (35,46). This disorder is characterized by multiple metabolic and endocrine abnormalities, including failure of the homeostatic responses to malnutrition and semistarvation. Although most of these alterations are believed to be state related and to reverse with weight restoration, some may be traitrelated vulnerability factors that differentiate at-risk individuals. Whether trait or state related, some of these alterations may play a role in sustaining the rewarding nature of restricting behavior, thereby acting as mediators for AN.Unlike starvation, AN is characterized by an excess of both orexigenic and anorexigenic signaling, indicating dysregulation of hunger and satiety (25). Reduced hunger and desire to eat, coupled with increased fullness and satiety after a test meal, have been reported in AN (21, 31), although the capacity to respond to physiological hunger and satiety cues may not be entirely absent (11,32). Delayed gastric emptying and intestinal transit times are likely contributors to the reports of increased fullness and satiety after meals (8,13,22,24,26). Some investigators argue that these findings reflect tight cognitive control of normal appetite. However, relative to healthy comparison women, those with AN show reduced salivation, a heightened autonomic response to food, and fear and disgust in response to images of food (27,43), suggesting conditioned responses similar to those seen in simple phobias.Knowledge regarding signals and systems involved in mealto-meal regulation of food intake is rapidly expanding. Although newly found systems are studied exhaustively as they relate to obesity, their roles and respons...

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“…Salivation has been shown to change in response to olfactory and gustatory cues as a function of factors that initiate intake, such as the degree of hunger and deprivation (Wardle, 1987;Wooley & Wooley, 1973) and the palatability of the food (Klajner, Herman, Polivy, & Chabra, 1981;Wooley & Wooley, 1973). Salivation may also be useful in understanding mechanisms for different problems that involve ingestion, such as dietary restraint (Legoff& Spiegelman, 1987), obesity (Guy-Grand & Goga, 1981) and eating disorders (Legoff, Leichner, & Spiegelman, 1988).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary responding and the duration of measurement

Epstein

Wiśniewski

Deflavia

et al. 1995

Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers

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The Strongin-Hinsie Peck whole-mouth salivation measure (Peck, 1959)is typically collected for a 2-min duration. This study compared saliva collected for 120 sec with saliva collected for shorter durations (30 and 60sec) over repeated presentation of gustatory cues. Results showed reliable increases in salivation from a water stimulus baseline to the first presentation of lemon juice as a function of measurement duration. Repeated measures analysis of variance showed overall decreases in salivation across each measurement duration, with a greater rate of habituation for the 120-secinterval than for the 30-and 6o-sec intervals. These data suggest that shorter measurement intervals can be used to measure salivation in acute and repeated measurement paradigms, but the change in response to repeated stimulus presentations is more pronounced for the longer measurement duration.Salivation is an important physiological measure in the study of intake and ingestive behaviors. Salivation has been shown to change in response to olfactory and gustatory cues as a function of factors that initiate intake, such as the degree of hunger and deprivation (Wardle,

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Salivary response to olfactory food stimuli in anorexics and bulimics

Cited by 48 publications

References 10 publications

Eating habits and appetite control: a psychobiological perspective

Eating habits and appetite control: a psychobiological perspective

Insulin, glucose, and pancreatic polypeptide responses to a test meal in restricting type anorexia nervosa before and after weight restoration

Salivary responding and the duration of measurement

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