Salivary S treptococcus mutans count and gingivitis in children after rinsing with a chlorhexidine‐fluoride solution with and without strontium

Spets-Happonen, Satu; Markkanen, Helena; Pöllänen, Lea; Kauppinen, Taina; Luoma, H

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0722.1985.tb01977.x

Cited by 14 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 17 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The present results confirm the suggestions of many authors [Luoma, 1975;Emilson et al, 1976;Brayer et al, 1977;Dolles and Gjermo, 1980;Katz, 1982;Spets-Happonen et al, 1985] that CHX and F, in a combination, exert a synergistic effect with re gard to cariogenic bacteria. This effect appears to be mainly a toxic one and is merely due to the mode of action of CHX.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Ultrastructure, Growth, and Adherence of Streptococcus mutans after Treatment with Chlorhexidine and Fluoride

Jh¹

1988

Caries Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Ultrastructure, growth, and adherence to hydroxyapatite of Streptococcus mutans ATCC 27351 was studied after treating bacterial suspensions for 1 h with 0.1 % chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX), 0.1 % sodium fluoride (F), or a combination of these two (CHX + F). Cells treated with 0.1 M phosphate-buffered saline were used as controls. Electron microscopy revealed that the treatment with CHX or CHX + F caused disruption of streptococcal cells with vacuolization and sloughing and leakage of cytoplasmic constituents. The F-treated specimens appeared the same as the controls, where the ultrastructure was mostly normal. In the adherence assay, radiolabelled bacteria attached themselves in 77.9% to hydroxyapatite in the control series. Treatment with F reduced the adsorption to 63.7%, and treatment with CHX and CHX + F to 57.4 and 43.4%, respectively. The reduction in CHX and CHX + F series when compared with the controls was statistically highly significant. The synergistic effect of CHX and F was further verified in minimum inhibitory concentration titrations where total inhibition was observed at 0.5% F and 0.1% CHX, respectively, while CHX + F inhibited growth at 0.05%. Thus, F does not interfere with the toxic effect of CHX on S.mutans cells, but, on the contrary, the two chemicals seem to exert a synergistic mode of action.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Ultrastructure, Growth, and Adherence of Streptococcus mutans after Treatment with Chlorhexidine and Fluoride

Jh¹

1988

Caries Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The best effects have been obtained when an extra layer of polyurethane sealant (Sandham et al, 1988 or bonding resin (Fure and Emilson, 1990) has been applied over the chlorhexidine varnish, which increased the retention of chlorhexidine on the teeth for up to approximately five days . Without an extra layer, the long-term effect seems to be highly dependent on the concentration of Based ondata from: Emilson, 1981;Emilson and Fornell, 1976;Emilson etal.,1976;FureandEmilson,199a,Gisselssonetal.,1988Johansen et al, 1975Katz, 1982;Keltjens et al, 1990;Kristoffersson and Bratthall, 1982;Lindquist et al, 1989, Luoma et al, 1978Maltz et al, 1981;Mikkelsen et al, 1981;Ostela et al, 199Q0 Persson et al, 1991;Petersson et al, 1991;Sandham et al, 1988Sandham et al, ,1991Schaeken and De Haan, 1989, Schaeken et al, 1986, 1991aSpets-Happonen et al, 1985von der Fehr et al, 1975;Zickert et al, 1982;Zyskind et al, 1990. chlorhexidine in the varnish. A dose-response effect has been observed in plaque studies in which a varnish containing 40% chlorhexidine was found to be more effective against mutans streptococci than a varnish containing either 10 or 20% or 25 or 33% (Schaeken et al, 1991b).…”

Section: Effects Of Different Modes Of Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Table 4 summarizes the effects of different modes of chlorhexidine treatment which have been used to reduce mutans streptococci and dental caries in humans. Chlorhexidine used as a mouthrinse (Mikkelsen et al, 1981;Spets-Happonen et al, 1985;Persson et at., 1991) or in dental gels applied by toothbrushing (Emilson and (3) 1994 result in a low to moderate reduction in mutans streptococci counts in plaque and saliva and in only a trend toward less caries. The small effect on mutans streptococci and surfaces at risk probably reflects re-growth of mutans streptococci because the reservoirs in the dentition are not sufficiently affected due to the low bio-availability of chlorhexidine from the mouthrinse solution and dentifrice.…”

Section: Effects Of Different Modes Of Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Efficacy of Chlorhexidine against Mutans Streptococci and Human Dental Caries

1994

J Dent Res

234

174

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Chemotherapeutic agents have been considered as having potential for the prevention of dental caries. Several substances have been evaluated as possible candidates, but no antimicrobial agent, with the exception of fluoride, has received as much experimental attention as the bisbiguanide chlorhexidine. This substance represents, so far, the most effective and best-documented agent. To be effective against caries, therapeutic dosages of the antimicrobial agent have to be given for a sufficient but finite time period to sites with established cariogenic plaque. In studies where this principle has been used, the aim has been to eliminate or strongly suppress the population of mutans streptococci. Of various antimicrobial agents and methods tested, the most persistent reduction of mutants streptococci has been achieved by chlorhexidine varnishes, followed by gels and mouthwashes. The best clinical effect resulting in a considerable caries reduction has been obtained when persons highly colonized with mutans streptococci have been treated with gels and when the results of the antimicrobial measures have been verified by microbiological examination.

show abstract

“…However, the subjects had low or moderate caries activity. [8][9] After these early studies, conducted more than 20-25 years ago, there are very few published articles that describe evaluations of the effect of chlorhexidine rinse on caries. One clinical study by Spets-Happonen and others, 10 where the use of periodic chlorhexidine mouthwashes was followed over a period of two years and nine months, revealed no significant reduction in caries.…”

Section: Mouthrinsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Chlorhexidine in Caries Prevention

Autio-Gold¹

2008

Operative Dentistry

171

107

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARYThe use of chlorhexidine for caries prevention has been a controversial topic among dental educators and clinicians. In several reviews, it has been concluded that the most persistent reduction of mutans streptococci have been achieved by chlorhexidine varnishes, followed by gels and, lastly, mouth rinses. Also, the evidence for using different chlorhexidine modes or a combination of chlorhexidine-fluoride therapy for caries prevention has been "suggestive but incomplete." Variable study designs and lack of data in highrisk children and adults support the need to continue conducting randomized, well-controlled clinical trials and to search for a practical, effective mode of antimicrobial treatment that augments the known effect of fluoride treatments.Currently, the only chlorhexidine-containing products marketed in the United States (US) are mouthrinses containing 0.12 percent chlorhexidine. Based on the available reviews, chlorhexidine rinses have not been highly effective in preventing caries, or at least the clinical data are not convincing. Due to the current lack of long-term clinical evidence for caries prevention and reported side effects, chlorhexidine rinses should not be recommended for caries prevention. Due to the inconclusive literature and sparse clinical data on gels and varnishes, their use for caries prevention should also be studied further to develop evidence-based recommendations for their clinical role in caries prevention.Since dental caries is a disease with a multifactoral etiology, it is currently more appropriate to use other established, evidence-based prevention methods, such as fluoride applications, diet modifications and good oral hygiene practices. Recent findings also indicate that the effect of an antimicrobial agent for reducing the levels of mutans streptococci or plaque reduction may not always correlate with eventual caries reduction. The clinically important outcome is proven reductions in caries.Many advances in the treatment and prevention of dental caries have been introduced over the past century. The use of chlorhexidine in caries prevention has been referred to as a nonsurgical management of dental caries and has represented the modern medical model of caries treatment. However, there is a lack of consensus on evidence-based treatment protocols and controversy regarding the role of chlorhexidine in caries prevention among dental educators and The Role of Chlorhexidine in Caries PreventionJ Autio-Gold Clinical RelevanceChlorhexidine rinses should not be recommended for use in caries prevention due to the current lack of evidence for their effectiveness.*Jaana Autio-Gold, DDS, PhD This paper reviewed the literature on the effectiveness of different modes of chlorhexidine delivery for caries prevention and provides guidelines for chlorhexidine use in caries management. A literature search was conducted using the PubMed and Evidence-Based Medicine Reviews databases and the keywords "chlorhexidine" and "caries," limiting the search to "humans, "reviews" and "English...

show abstract

Salivary S treptococcus mutans count and gingivitis in children after rinsing with a chlorhexidine‐fluoride solution with and without strontium

Cited by 14 publications

References 17 publications

Ultrastructure, Growth, and Adherence of Streptococcus mutans after Treatment with Chlorhexidine and Fluoride

Ultrastructure, Growth, and Adherence of Streptococcus mutans after Treatment with Chlorhexidine and Fluoride

Potential Efficacy of Chlorhexidine against Mutans Streptococci and Human Dental Caries

The Role of Chlorhexidine in Caries Prevention

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About