Salivary Scavenger and Agglutinin (SALSA) Is Expressed in Mucosal Epithelial Cells and Decreased in Bronchial Epithelium of Asthmatic Horses

Lee, Gary Kwok Cheong; Tessier, Laurence; Bienzle, Dorothee

doi:10.3389/fvets.2019.00418

Cited by 5 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…There is individual variation in the number of SRCR domains, which is consistent with different isoforms, a fact that has also been noted in humans [ 12 ]. Decreased SALSA gene expression was noted in bronchial biopsies of horses affected by severe equine asthma [ 12 – 14 ]. Severe equine asthma (SEA) is a debilitating condition of mature horses associated with systemic inflammation [ 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In horses, as in humans, SALSA primarily localized to epithelial cells of mucosal surfaces, and intracellularly was concentrated at the cell apex, typical of secreted molecules [ 12 ]. The structure of equine SALSA is similar to that in other species and consists of SRCR, CUB, and ZP domains [ 12 ]. There is individual variation in the number of SRCR domains, which is consistent with different isoforms, a fact that has also been noted in humans [ 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The structure of equine SALSA is similar to that in other species and consists of SRCR, CUB, and ZP domains [ 12 ]. There is individual variation in the number of SRCR domains, which is consistent with different isoforms, a fact that has also been noted in humans [ 12 ]. Decreased SALSA gene expression was noted in bronchial biopsies of horses affected by severe equine asthma [ 12 – 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of equine SALSA on neutrophil phagocytosis and macrophage cytokine production

et al. 2022

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Salivary scavenger and agglutinin (SALSA) is a secreted protein with various immunomodulatory roles. In humans, the protein agglutinates and inactivates microorganisms, and inhibits the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Saliva, which is rich in SALSA, accelerates bacterial phagocytosis, but SALSA’s contribution is unclear. In horses, the functions of SALSA in inflammation remain undetermined, so they were investigated through phagocytosis and cytokine assays. Equine SALSA was purified from duodenal tissue, which contains abundant SALSA. To assess phagocytosis, fluorescently-labelled bacteria were incubated with 20, 10, 5, or 2.5 μg/mL of SALSA or phosphate buffered saline (PBS), and then incubated at 37°C or on ice with whole blood from seven healthy horses. Fluorescence was measured by gating on neutrophils using a flow cytometer, and compared between groups. To assess effects on cytokine production, alveolar macrophages were isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of five healthy horses and cultured in serum-free media for 24 hours with different concentrations of SALSA plus 1 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS), only LPS, or only media. Cytokines were measured in supernatant using an equine-specific multiplex bead immunoassay. There was significantly greater phagocytosis in samples incubated at 37°C compared to incubation on ice. Samples incubated with 20 μg/mL of SALSA at 37°C had less phagocytosis compared to samples with 10 or 2.5 μg/mL SALSA, or PBS. Alveolar macrophages incubated with SALSA plus LPS released significantly less CXC motif chemokine ligand 1, interleukin-8, interleukin-10, and tumor necrosis factor α, and more granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), compared to macrophages incubated with LPS alone. These findings indicate anti-inflammatory effects, which may be due to interference with toll-like receptor 4 recognition of LPS or downstream signaling. Increase in G-CSF following incubation with SALSA suggests a novel mechanism for immunoregulation of alveolar macrophages by SALSA, addressing a knowledge gap regarding its functions in horses.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of equine SALSA on neutrophil phagocytosis and macrophage cytokine production

et al. 2022

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“…На сучасному етапі розвитку медичної науки неможливо вирішити проблеми зниження перинатальної захворюваності та смертності без поглибленого вивчення періодів ембріогенезу і раннього фетогенезу. Враховуючи надзвичайну значимість останніх для практичної медицини, їхній визначальний вплив на подальший розвиток плода та новонародженого, нами було опубліковано роботи [1][2][3][4] з висвітлення певних закономірностей пренатального морфогенезу і становлення топографії піднижньощелепної слинної залози (ПНЩСЗ) людини. Пізнання закономірностей становлення будови і топографії органів і систем організму людини має важливе значення для тлумачення істинного напрямку процесів органогенезу, механізмів нормального формоутворення органів, вини-кнення анатомічних варіантів та природжених вад [5].…”

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Features of Fetal Anatomy of the Submandular Duct

Олийнык¹,

Tabachniuk²

2020

CAOS

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Knowledge of the patterns of the formation of the structure and topography of organs and systems of the human body is important for the interpretation of the true direction of the processes of organogenesis, the mechanisms of normal morphogenesis of organs, the emergence of anatomical variants and congenital defects. The interest in continuing the research was initiated by the buildup of an integrative approach in scientific developments, which, together with the doctrine of the individual anatomical variability of organs, systems and the shape of the human body, is the foundation of medicine. The next movement in this direction is the study of the variability of the shape of the submandibular strait of the human submandibular salivary gland during intrauterine development. Using the methods of macro-copy, microscopy, graphic and plastic reconstruction, fine preparation under the control of a binocular loupe, morphometry on 111 objects (60 before a person's fetus 7-12 weeks of intrauterine development and 51 fetuses of 4-10 months of intrauterine development were studied Variants of the form of the submandibular strait and the frequency of its manifestations in prenatal and human fetuses are from the rudiment of the tongue. At the beginning of the prefetal period of human ontogenesis, the rudiment of the gland increases significantly and takes the form of a continuous epithelial cord, which is represented by a large number of dividing cells. during the prefetal period with the rudiment of the submandibular duct of the submandibular salivary gland, a number of regular sequential changes occur: 1 – the formation of numerous epithelial cords of the II, III, IV order, as dichotomous branches from the main (main) epithelial anlage, 2 – the formation of a cavity (canal ) in the main epithelial bud and its ramifications of the II-IV order; 3 – the concentration of mesenchymal cells surrounding the epithelial cords (the formation of the mesenchymal part of the submandibular strait of the submandibular salivary gland) with its clear separation from adjacent tissues. In the group of objects of study, most often (76 cases, or 68.47%) there is a direct form of the submandibular ducts; the arcuate variant of the form of the submandibular ducts is almost three times less (26 cases, or 23.42%); as a variant of the form – the S-shaped form of the submandibular duct – was observed even less often (9 cases, or 8.11%).

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Bronchial brush cytology, endobronchial biopsy, and SALSA immunohistochemistry in severe equine asthma

et al. 2021

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Horses with severe equine asthma (SEA), also known as heaves and recurrent airway obstruction, have persistent neutrophilic inflammation of the lower airways. Cytologic evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid is commonly used to confirm the clinical diagnosis of SEA. However, the utility of microscopic assessment of bronchial brushings, endobronchial biopsies, and immunohistochemical detection of disease-associated biomarkers for the diagnosis of SEA remain poorly characterized. Salivary scavenger and agglutinin (SALSA) has anti-inflammatory properties and downregulated gene expression in SEA; therefore, it was investigated as a tissue biomarker for airway and systemic inflammation. Six asthmatic and 6 non-asthmatic horses were exposed to an inhaled challenge. Before and after challenge, samples of BAL fluid, bronchial brushing, and endobronchial biopsy were collected. Location of SALSA in biopsies was determined, and immunohistochemical label intensity was computed using image analysis software. Serum amyloid A (SAA) was measured to assess systemic inflammation. After challenge, neutrophil proportions were significantly higher in asthmatic versus non-asthmatic horses in BAL fluid (least squares means, 95% confidence interval: 80.9%, 57.2% to 93.1%, vs 3.6%, 1.1% to 10.7%) and in brush cytology slides (39.5%, 7.7% to 83.6%, vs 0.2%, 0% to 2.3%), illustrating the potential of brush cytology as an alternate modality to BAL for assessing intraluminal inflammation. Bronchial histopathologic findings and intensity of SALSA immunolabeling in surface and glandular epithelium were similar in asthmatic and non-asthmatic horses, indicating limited changes in bronchial tissue from the inhaled challenge. Increases in SAA indicated systemic inflammation, but SALSA immunolabeling did not change significantly.

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Salivary Scavenger and Agglutinin (SALSA) Is Expressed in Mucosal Epithelial Cells and Decreased in Bronchial Epithelium of Asthmatic Horses

Cited by 5 publications

References 42 publications

Effects of equine SALSA on neutrophil phagocytosis and macrophage cytokine production

Effects of equine SALSA on neutrophil phagocytosis and macrophage cytokine production

Features of Fetal Anatomy of the Submandular Duct

Bronchial brush cytology, endobronchial biopsy, and SALSA immunohistochemistry in severe equine asthma

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