Salivary shedding of Epstein–Barr virus and cytomegalovirus in people infected or not by human immunodeficiency virus 1

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to determine the frequency of EBV and CMV DNA detection in saliva of HIV infected and non-HIV individuals and their siblings. The study group comprised 240 individuals. Group 1 comprised of 40 HIV-infected patients, group 2 40 non-HIV individuals, group 3 two siblings for each patient from group 1 (n = 80), and group 4 two siblings for each individual from group 2 (n = 80). Non-stimulated whole saliva was collected, DNA was extracted, and amplification was performed using a nested PCR protocol. EBV and CMV DNA was detected in 7/40 (17.5%) and 5/40 (12.5%) individuals from group 1, 8/40 (20%) and 3/40 (7.5%) from group 2, 11/80 (13.8%) and 2/80 (2.5%) from group 3, and 8/80 (10%) and 1/80 (1.3%) from group 4, respectively. Five (71.4%) out of seven HIV/EBV coinfected individuals of group 1 had a relative also infected with EBV (OR = 11.25, CI [1.75-72.5], p = 0.011). Regarding group 2, among the eight non-HIV and EBV-infected individuals, three (37.5%) had a relative also positive to EBV (p = 0.320). No individual HIV/CMV coinfected had a relative CMV infected (p = 1.00). Also, only one non-HIV and CMV-infected individual had a relative also positive to CMV (p = 0.075). EBV and CMV DNA was detected mainly in those who had HIV viral load counts <400/mL (71%, p = 0.2 and 100%, p = 1, respectively) and those who had CD4 T cells counts between 200 and 400/mm(3) (57%, p = 0.544 and 60%, p = 0.249, respectively). HIV-infected individuals and healthy controls showed a similar frequency of viral DNA detection. EBV DNA was significantly amplified in saliva of household members of HIV/EBV coinfected individuals.

Aged-associated cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus reactivation and cytomegalovirus relationship with the frailty syndrome in older women

“…The clinical outcome of viral reactivation depends on the type of disease, severity of immunosuppression, and clinical baseline of the subjects. However, severe immunosuppression is not a sine qua non condition for herpesviral reactivation, and viral reactivation can be asymptomatic, especially in cases with low viral loads [17,24,25]. …”

“…For instance, labial lesions caused by recurrent herpes simplex virus may occur in immunocompetent individuals after exposure to cold, sunlight, lip injury, and stress [16]. The frequent shedding of viable EBV and human herpesvirus (HHV)-7 particles in saliva, probably as a result of replication in salivary glands, also supports the notion that other herpesviruses may undergo reactivation at low levels in immunocompetent individuals [17]. …”

Epstein–Barr and cytomegalovirus DNA salivary shedding correlate with long‐term plasma HIV RNA detection in HIV‐infected men who have sex with men

“…Immunodeficiency is known to promote viral reactivation, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected individuals are more likely to test positive for EBV and for CMV in their saliva. Previously reported data for EBV demonstrate a wide range of prevalence rates, including 17.5% in a study of Brazilian subjects, 79.6% in a Thai cohort, and 90% in American patients [Miller et al, ; de França et al, ; Amornthatree et al, ]. In healthy subjects, CMV detection rates are lower than those for EBV, and the documented prevalence rates for CMV vary from 12.5% to 46% [Fidouh‐Houhou et al, ; Miller et al, ; de França et al, ].…”

Physiological Changes in Salivary Gland and Kidney that help the Diagnosis caused of Epstein-Barr virus: A Brief Review

“…HIV-infected individuals and healthy controls showed a similar frequency of detection of viral DNA. EBV DNA was significantly amplified in the saliva of family members of HIV/EBV co-infected individuals, from here the possibilities for comparative analysis of salivary diagnostics [25,29,[35][36][37].…”