Salivary urea nitrogen as an index to renal function: a test-strip method.

Akai, Toshihiro; Naka, Keiichi; Yoshikawa, Chikao; Okuda, Kiyoshi; Okamoto, Takahiro; Yamagami, Satoru; Inoue, Takako; Yamao, Y.; Yamada, Satoshi

doi:10.1093/clinchem/29.10.1825

Cited by 22 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…The positive correlation between blood and salivary urea as well as creatinine observed in this study agrees with previous reports [ 14 , 23 , 24 ]. In addition, a study by Tomas et al [ 12 ] reported that concentrations of salivary urea were related to the severity of the kidney disease, and another study also showed that the concentration decreased with haemodialysis [ 25 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Salivary creatinine and urea analysis in patients with chronic kidney disease: a case control study

2016

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BackgroundMany metabolic changes develop in patients with chronic kidney disease which often necessitate frequent biochemical analysis of blood. Saliva analysis as an alternative to blood has many advantages. The aims of this study were to evaluate levels of salivary creatinine and urea in patients with chronic kidney disease in comparison to healthy individuals; to determine correlation between salivary creatinine/urea and blood creatinine/urea and to evaluate the diagnostic potential of saliva.MethodsA case control study, involving 50 patients with late stage chronic kidney disease and 49 healthy individuals as control. Blood and saliva samples were analyzed for urea and creatinine levels. Data are presented as median with interquartile range and compared using Independent Samples Mann Whitney U test. Correlation between plasma and salivary creatinine as well as urea was determined using Spearman’s correlation test. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis was done to determine the diagnostic ability of salivary creatinine and urea and cut-off values were established.ResultsMedian salivary creatinine levels were 2.60 mg/dl and 0.20 mg/dl while median salivary urea levels were 92.00 mg/dl and 20.50 mg/dl in patients with chronic kidney disease and controls respectively. Salivary levels of creatinine and urea were significantly elevated in chronic kidney disease patients (p < 0.001). In addition, there was positive correlation between blood and salivary creatinine as well as urea levels. Total areas under the curve for salivary creatinine and urea were 0.97 and 0.89 respectively. Cut-off values for salivary creatinine and urea were 0.55 mg/dl and 27.50 mg/dl respectively which gave sensitivity and specificity of 94 % and 85 % for creatinine; as well as 86 % and 93 % for urea.ConclusionsFindings of this study suggest that analysis of salivary creatinine and urea in patients with chronic kidney disease reflects their levels in blood. Hence, salivary creatinine and urea could be used as diagnostic biomarkers of chronic kidney disease.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Salivary creatinine and urea analysis in patients with chronic kidney disease: a case control study

2016

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“…[ 10 17 18 ] In fact, in one of the studies, salivary urea has been used as index to asses renal function. [ 19 ] Urea values observed in saliva were lower than in blood, may be considered as measure of efficiency of blood and saliva to purify themselves. Comparison between the two values showed significant statistical difference between the groups, but not within the groups as denoted by ANOVA and pairwise test.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of periodontal health status in patients undergoing renal dialysis: A descriptive, cross-sectional study

Bhatsange¹,

Patil²

2012

J Indian Soc Periodontol

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Objective:An inter-relationship between periodontal disease and systemic health has been suspected for centuries, but evidence to explain the connection has only been elucidated in the past few decades. Among the systemic diseases, end stage renal disease has been shown to affect not only the general health of the patient but also oral and periodontal health. This study was undertaken to gain an insight into whether duration of dialysis therapy influences the oral and periodontal health of these patients and also to see if these parameters reflect their biochemical values.Materials and Methods:The study was conducted on 75 patients undergoing dialysis and a control group of 25 subjects. The study group was divided into three subgroups depending upon the duration of dialysis. Oral hygiene and periodontal disease status were measured by Simplified Oral Hygiene Index by Greene and Vermillion and Periodontal Disease Index by Ram-fjord. Biochemical parameters measured were blood urea nitrogen and salivary urea levels. Comparison of these parameters was made between the study and control groups through analysis of variance (ANOVA) and student's t-test.Results:Prevalence of periodontal disease was evident in the dialysis group. Oral hygiene status was poor in comparison with the control group. Clinical and biochemical parameters showed statistically significant difference between the groups rather than within the groups.Conclusion:Oral and periodontal health appeared to be compromised. Their deteriorating general health is anticipated to cause negligence towards oral health care. This population needs comprehensive oral and periodontal care right from the diagnosis of chronic renal failure. There exists a need for communication between nephrologists and oral health care professionals. Longitudinal studies warranted in this regard.

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“… 5 Saliva urea nitrogen (SUN) was first described in the 1840s, 7 and several studies have since evaluated the diagnostic capability of SUN to detect renal impairment. 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 SUN parallels blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and urea reaches saliva by diffusive transport from the salivary glands. Alongside bicarbonate, it is responsible for the buffering capacity of saliva.…”

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confidence: 99%

Diagnostic Performance of a Saliva Urea Nitrogen Dipstick to Detect Kidney Disease in Malawi

Evans

Calice‐Silva

Raimann

et al. 2017

Kidney International Reports

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IntroductionKidney disease (KD), including acute kidney injury, is common, severe and leads to significant mortality in the developing world. However, simple tools to facilitate diagnosis and guide treatment are lacking. We studied the diagnostic performance of saliva urea nitrogen (SUN) measured by dipstick to diagnose KD in a low-resource setting.MethodsMedical admissions to a tertiary hospital in Malawi had serum creatinine tested at presentation; SUN was measured using a dipstick. Patients with serum creatinine above normal range underwent serial measurements of SUN and blood urea nitrogen for up to 7 days. Hospital outcome was recorded in all patients.ResultsA total of 742 patients were included (age 41 ± 17·3 years, 56.1% male); 146 (19.7%) had KD, including 114 (15.4%) with acute kidney injury. SUN >14 mg/dl had a sensitivity of 0.72 and a specificity of 0.87 to diagnose KD; specificity increased to 0.97 when SUN levels were combined with self-reported urine output. The diagnostic performance of SUN was comparable with the one of blood urea nitrogen (SUN area under curve, 0.82; 95% confidence interval, 0.78–0.87; blood urea nitrogen area under curve, 0.82; 95% confidence interval, 0.59–1.0). SUN >14 mg/dl on admission was an independent predictor of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio = 2.43 [95% confidence interval, 1.63–3.62]).DiscussionSUN measured by dipstick can be used to identify patients with KD in a low-resource setting. SUN is an independent predictor of mortality in this population.

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Salivary urea nitrogen as an index to renal function: a test-strip method.

Cited by 22 publications

References 0 publications

Salivary creatinine and urea analysis in patients with chronic kidney disease: a case control study

Salivary creatinine and urea analysis in patients with chronic kidney disease: a case control study

Assessment of periodontal health status in patients undergoing renal dialysis: A descriptive, cross-sectional study

Diagnostic Performance of a Saliva Urea Nitrogen Dipstick to Detect Kidney Disease in Malawi

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