Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi and Paratyphi Responsible of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fevers Transmitted by Environment and Food

Abstract

This study deals with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Paratyphi responsible of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers transmitted by environment and foods. Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers are systemic diseases caused by the bacteria Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi, respectively. Humans are the only reservoir for Salmonella Typhi (which is the most serious), whereas Salmonella Paratyphi also has animal reservoirs. Humans can carry the bacteria in the gut for very long times (chronic carriers), and transmit the bacteria to other persons (either directly or via food or water contamination). Although S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi are strictly adapted to humans, both serovars can remain viable in the environment, surviving in water and underlying sediment for days to weeks. Foods are susceptible to be contaminated and transport Salmonella include vegetable products such as lettuce. In developping countries, typhoid and paratyphoide fever were generally treat with using antimicrobial such as quinolones, and cephalosporin. Patients were not responding to the most available antibiotics of choice. Some patients, because of ignorance and lack of financial means, prefer street drugs, so they practice self-medication. Those practices can enhance the antibiotics resistances genes. As the ultimate solution for the prevention and eradication of paratyphoid fever, it is essential to improve sanitation such as the provision of safe water and food as well as enhanced public health awareness.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi in Tertiary Care Hospitals

“…There are serious global public health concerns associated with Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi, the causative organisms of typhoid and paratyphoid fever, respectively 1,2 . Particularly in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene standards, these bacterial infections bear a significant cost of illness and death 3 . Comprehending the patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility shown by these organisms is crucial in order to steer effective treatment approaches and counteract the establishment of antibiotic resistance 4 .…”

In Silico Analysis of Mutations in Quinolone Resistance Determinant Region for Flouroquinolone Resistance in <em>Salmonella typhi</em>

“…Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is a Gram-negative bacterium causing typhoid fever in humans, transmitted through contaminated food or water [1]. It exhibits human specificity, causing systemic infection characterized by prolonged fever, headache, nausea, loss of appetite, and abdominal discomfort, and potential life-threatening complications [2,3].…”