Salmonella Infection in Poultry: A Review on the Pathogen and Control Strategies

Abstract

Salmonella is the leading cause of food-borne zoonotic disease worldwide. Non-typhoidal Salmonella serotypes are the primary etiological agents associated with salmonellosis in poultry. Contaminated poultry eggs and meat products are the major sources of human Salmonella infection. Horizontal and vertical transmission are the primary routes of infection in chickens. The principal virulence genes linked to Salmonella pathogenesis in poultry are located in Salmonella pathogenicity islands 1 and 2 (SPI-1 and SPI-2). Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses are involved in the defense against Salmonella invasion in poultry. Vaccination of chickens and supplementation of feed additives like prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, synbiotics, and bacteriophages are currently being used to mitigate the Salmonella load in poultry. Despite the existence of various control measures, there is still a need for a broad, safe, and well-defined strategy that can confer long-term protection from Salmonella in poultry flocks. This review examines the current knowledge on the etiology, transmission, cell wall structure, nomenclature, pathogenesis, immune response, and efficacy of preventative approaches to Salmonella.

Effect of a Bacillus subtilis plus Yeast Cell Wall Synbiotic on Salmonella Enteritidis Colonization in Ceca of Layer Pullets

“…Breed and age of bird, Bacillus strain and yeast cell wall used, synbiotic inclusion rate, SE challenge dose, number of DPC for cecal content collection, and, potentially, other experimental factors may have accounted for the different effects on SE cecal colonization in layer birds observed among the studies referenced above. Work by Shaji and coworkers noted that SE dose, bird age and genetic strain, as well as Salmonella serotype, can be interacting and influencing factors and may explain differences in SE mitigation studies [43]. The various results from the studies discussed above [23,29,30] and those from the study reported here, all of which evaluated synbiotics consisting of a Bacillus probiotic plus yeast cell wall components, suggest that a more standardized Salmonella challenge model in layer pullets to evaluate similar synbiotics would be of interest.…”

Emerging Approaches for Mitigating Biofilm-Formation-Associated Infections in Farm, Wild, and Companion Animals

“…Biofilm formation by Salmonella spp. has been shown to play a significant role in its pathogenicity due to its high resistance to antimicrobials and contributes to the increased virulence of the bacteria, thereby establishing a chronic infection [ 85 , 108 ]. But still, little is known about Salmonella biofilm assembly, making the prevention of the disease a challenge in the poultry production chain.…”

Mitigation Potential of Herbal Extracts and Constituent Bioactive Compounds on Salmonella in Meat-Type Poultry

“…Salmonella infection is the most common cause of foodborne illnesses globally, infecting the gastrointestinal system and causing diarrhea, nausea, and cramps among human beings. However, the CDC reports that roughly 1.35 million outbreaks and 420 deaths occur each year in the United States [18]. Poultry is the primary reservoir for Salmonella infections with non-typhoidal serotypes among the animals that produce food.…”

“…Non-typhoidal Salmonella connected with meat-type poultry birds causes major health challenges and economic stress for society, with an anticipated yearly cost of USD 2.79 billion. This situation is developing as the worldwide demand for ready-to-eat food items increases [18]. The listed examples below stem from a direct effect of Salmonella on human health.…”