Salmonella infection: Interplay between the bacteria and host immune system

Abstract

Salmonella infection causes morbidity and mortality throughout the world with the host immune response varying depending on whether the infection is acute and limited, or systemic and chronic. Additionally, Salmonella bacteria have evolved multiple mechanisms to avoid or subvert immunity to its own benefit and often the anatomical location of infection plays a role in both the immune response and bacterial fate. Here, we provide an overview of the interplay between the immune system and Salmonella, while discussing how different host and bacterial factors influence the outcome of infection.

Salmonella Extracellular Polymeric Substances Modulate Innate Phagocyte Activity and Enhance Tolerance of Biofilm-Associated Bacteria to Oxidative Stress

“…Dendritic cells and macrophages are responsible for the delivery of S. Typhi from the gut to the liver, and tissue-resident macrophages are presumably the first innate immune cell to interact with S. Typhi after it arrives at the gallbladder [21,22,49,50]. Due to these extensive and early interactions between S. Typhi and macrophages, S. Typhi would be predicted to benefit from the ability to inhibit NO production in vivo.…”

From the Cradle to the Grave of an Infection: Host‐Pathogen Interaction Visualized by Intravital Microscopy

“…Typhimurium actively invades and survives within virtually all nucleated cells, including phagocytes (e.g. macrophages and dendritic cells), which may be hijacked by the bacteria to translocate to systemic sites of the body, such as the liver, spleen, and bone marrow . S .…”

The anti-Salmonella and immunostimulatory properties of yeast-based postbiotics in poultry and cattle

“…Antibioticresistant Salmonella account for 10-12% of Salmonella isolates identified through NARMS (National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System) ( Schwarz et al, 2016). This impacts the treatment of elderly, young, and immunocompromised patients who are at risk for bacteremia requiring antimicrobial therapy (Coburn et al, 2007;Kurtz et al, 2017;Tadesse et al, 2016). Salmonella belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae, which characteristically propagates antibiotic resistance genes through all known mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer (Huddleston et al, 2014).…”

“…Salmonella gains entry into the gastrointestinal tract through the host's ingestion of contaminated food or water. From there, the sole goal of the pathogen is to become intracellular, either through phagocytosis or invasion, which occurs within 15 minutes of oral challenge (Kurtz et al, 2017;van Hemert et al, 2006;Wigley, 2014). Salmonella hones to its preferential invasion sites using the Aer and Tsr chemotactic receptors (Coburn et al, 2007).…”

“…Salmonella hones to its preferential invasion sites using the Aer and Tsr chemotactic receptors (Coburn et al, 2007). These sites include enterocytes, secretory goblet cells, and microfold cells (M-cells) (Coburn et al, 2007;Keestra-Gounder et al, 2015).The initial inflammatory events are driven by one of three events: engagement of the immune system, (Salmonella Pathogenicity Island) SPI-1-mediated inflammation or by the Salmonella virulence factors (Keestra-Gounder et al, 2015;Kurtz et al, 2017;van Hemert et al, 2006;Zhang et al, 2017 van Hemert et al, 2006).…”