Salmonella Infections

Gaffuri, Alessandra; Holmes, J. P.

doi:10.1002/9781118342442.ch31

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…enterica ; within this group, Enteritidis and Veneziana were the first and second most commonly isolated serovars, respectively. These results are consistent with previous studies conducted in other European countries [ 31 , 46 ]. Interestingly, Enteritidis belongs to the top five Salmonella enterica serovars most commonly involved in human infections [ 28 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Spatiotemporal Distribution of Salmonella enterica in European Hedgehogs in Northern Italy

et al. 2023

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Growing attention is being given to the European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) because of its synanthropic behaviour and its potential role in harbouring parasites, viruses, fungi and bacteria and disseminating them to several animals and humans. Salmonella are the most frequently detected zoonotic bacteria that hedgehogs could transmit through contaminating water and food sources with faeces. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and distribution of Salmonella spp. in wild hedgehogs in the Emilia-Romagna region (northern Italy). From 2019 to 2022, 212 European hedgehogs that died naturally were tested for Salmonella spp. through culture isolation. Positive samples were subjected to serological typing. A total of 82 samples tested positive for Salmonella spp., with the overall Bayesian posterior estimated prevalence ranging from 35% (95% CI: 23–47%) to a maximum of 45% (95% CI: 31–59%) during the years considered and with an overall prevalence calculated at 39% (95% CI: 33–45%). Salmonella enterica Enteritidis and Veneziana were the most prevalent detected serovars in 65% and 17% of the positive samples, respectively. Since 2021, S. Typhimurium, S. Typhimurium Monofasica, S. Zaiman, S. Hessarek, S. Muenster, S. Isangi serovars, S. enterica subsp. Diarizonae and S. enterica subsp. Houtenae have been detected. These findings show a high prevalence of Salmonella spp. in tested hedgehogs, suggesting an important role of this animal species in the epidemiology of potentially zoonotic serovars circulating in the Emilia-Romagna region.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Spatiotemporal Distribution of Salmonella enterica in European Hedgehogs in Northern Italy

et al. 2023

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“…Another explanation could be contamination during brain preparation. Most of the bacteria found are ubiquitous in the environment or are commensals and therefore could have been attached to the furs ( 11 , 73 , 74 , 78 – 80 ). Here, further investigations of other organs would have been necessary to confirm generalized bacterial infections.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogen Screening for Possible Causes of Meningitis/Encephalitis in Wild Carnivores From Saxony-Anhalt

et al. 2022

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Inflammation in meninges and/or brain is regularly noticed in red foxes and other wild carnivores during rabies control programs. Despite negative rabies virus (RABV) results, the etiologies of these cases remain unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to provide an overview of the occurrence of pathogens that may cause diseases in the brains of wild carnivores and pose a risk to humans and other animals. In addition to RABV and canine distemper virus (CDV), a variety of pathogens, including members of Flaviviridae, Bornaviridae, Herpesviridae, Circoviridae, as well as bacteria and parasites can also cause brain lesions. In 2016 and 2017, brain samples of 1,124 wild carnivores were examined by direct fluorescent antibody test for RABV as well as (reverse-transcriptase) quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of CDV as part of a monitoring program in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Here, we applied similar methods to specifically detect suid herpesvirus 1 (SuHV-1), West Nile virus (WNV), Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1), canid alphaherpesvirus 1 (CaHV-1), canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), fox circovirus (FoxCV), and Neospora caninum (N. caninum). Further, bacteriogical examination for the existence of Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) and immunohistochemistry of selected cases to detect Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) antigen were performed. Of all pathogens studied, CDV was found most frequently (31.05%), followed by FoxCV (6.80%), CPV-2 (6.41%), T. gondii (4/15; 26.67%), nematode larvae (1.51%), L. monocytogenes (0.3%), and various other bacterial pathogens (1.42%). In 68 of these cases (6.05%), multiple pathogen combinations were present simultaneously. However, RABV, WNV, BoDV-1, SuHV-1, CaHV-1, and N. caninum were not detected. The majority of the histopathological changes in 440 animals were inflammation (320/440; 72.73%), predominantly non-suppurative in character (280/320; 87.50%), and in many cases in combination with gliosis, satellitosis, neuronophagia, neuronal necrosis, and/or vacuolization/demyelination, or in single cases with malacia. Thus, it could be shown that wild carnivores in Saxony-Anhalt are carriers mainly for CDV and sometimes also for other, partly zoonotic pathogens. Therefore, the existing monitoring program should be expanded to assess the spill-over risk from wild carnivores to humans and other animals and to demonstrate the role of wild carnivores in the epidemiology of these zoonotic pathogens.

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“…Other wild birds such as waterfowl (Anseriformes), seabirds (Charadriiformes) or passerines (Passeriformes) have been described as being an important source of these zoonotic pathogens [22][23] [24]. A possible direct contact between swifts and these infected wild birds could take place during the nesting period, when swifts use the same nesting sites as, for example, house sparrows [23].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examination of common swifts (Apus apus) for salmonella shedding in the area of Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany

Tiyawattanaroj

Jung

Mohr

et al. 2021

Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere

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Objective The available literature indicates a high prevalence of the zoonotic pathogen Salmonella (S.) enterica serovar Infantis in the common swift (Apus apus). This long-distance migrant, which only consumes aerial plankton, can reach high population densities in places with suitable breeding sites. Dedicated competent private persons take part in the hand rearing of juvenile common swifts in wildlife rescue centres, which unavoidably results in close contact with these avian patients. For this reason, we examined common swifts for shedding of Salmonella spp. Material and methods In the years 2014 and 2019, intestinal swabs or fresh faeces of common swifts (2014: n = 54; 2019: n = 62) were examined microbiologically (DIN EN ISO 6579; Annex D) in the area of Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany. Results Salmonella spp. could not be detected in any of the examined common swifts within the investigation period and the studied area in 2014 and 2019. Conclusion and clinical relevance The results illustrate that the common swift is unlikely to be a natural reservoir of Salmonella spp. For the transmission of salmonella by swifts the local conditions with the corresponding environmental impact seem to play a significant role, and the risk of transmission should be assessed according to the region to be examined.

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Salmonella Infections

Cited by 8 publications

References 21 publications

Spatiotemporal Distribution of Salmonella enterica in European Hedgehogs in Northern Italy

Spatiotemporal Distribution of Salmonella enterica in European Hedgehogs in Northern Italy

Pathogen Screening for Possible Causes of Meningitis/Encephalitis in Wild Carnivores From Saxony-Anhalt

Examination of common swifts (Apus apus) for salmonella shedding in the area of Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany

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