Salmonella infections: an Update, Detection and Control Strategies

Abstract

Salmonella belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family is commonly divided into Typhoidal and non-typhoidal group. Clinical manifestations can range from gastroenteritis, bacteremia or septicemia without gastrointestinal (GI) upset, enteric fever, chronic carriage to focal infections like osteomyelitis, meningitis, endocarditis etc. Conventional diagnostic tests like blood, stool, food sample culture have a long turnaround time. Chromogenic media modification reduces identification time. Apart from Widal test and ELISA, rapid point of care serological tests like Tubex TF, Typhidot are advantageous in basic set up but limited by modest accuracy in high burden settings. Apart from immunological assays, other diagnostic modalities include PCR, mass spectrophotometry, spectroscopy, optical phenotyping, biosensors etc. Rising drug resistance of Salmonella to first line Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol and Cotrimoxazole with increasing nonsusceptibility to fluoroquinolones and 3rd generation cephalosporin for past few decades is a public threat. Prevention and control measures include basic sanitation, safe water access, safe food handling, public education, physical, chemical, biocontrol methods, vaccination etc. Targeting the menace of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella species needs a collaborative effort like One Health approach which optimizes the public health, animal and environmental health and reduce the dependency on antibiotics.

Emerging Biomimetic Sensor Technologies for the Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria: A Commercial Viability Study

“… 133 Applications of this technology have shown to be effective for the detection of bacteria like Salmonella species or Pseudomonas aeruginosa . 134 , 135 Moreover, the high interest in finding novel portable alternatives for the detection of microorganisms lead to the miniaturization of BARDOT-based technologies, leading this way to portable alternatives such as adaptations in Lab-on-A-Chip format and other point-of-care systems. 136 , 137 …”

“…Another innovation for the rapid and sensitive detection of bacteria is presented by Bacterial Rapid Detection using Optical Scattering Technology (BARDOT), namely a method that couples the culture-based detection methods with imaging performed through a laser, thus able to discriminate the presence of bacteria, and also understanding specific information about the colonies present within the sample . Applications of this technology have shown to be effective for the detection of bacteria like Salmonella species or Pseudomonas aeruginosa . , Moreover, the high interest in finding novel portable alternatives for the detection of microorganisms lead to the miniaturization of BARDOT-based technologies, leading this way to portable alternatives such as adaptations in Lab-on-A-Chip format and other point-of-care systems. , …”