Salmonella on Raw Poultry in Retail Markets in Guatemala: Levels, Antibiotic Susceptibility, and Serovar Distribution

Abstract

The objective of this study was to determine Salmonella numbers on retail raw chicken carcasses in Guatemala and to phenotypically characterize the isolates (serotyping and antibiotic susceptibility). In total, 300 chicken carcasses were collected from seven departments in Guatemala. Salmonella numbers were determined using the most-probable-number method following the U. S. Department of Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Service protocol. In total, 103 isolates were obtained, all of which were tested for antibiotic susceptibility, whereas 46 isolates were serotyped. Overall, Salmonella prevalence and mean number (mean log most probable number per carcass) was 34.3% and 2.3 (95% confidence interval: 2.1 to 2.5), respectively. Significant differences (P < 0.05) in Salmonella prevalence were found by storage condition (refrigerated or ambient temperature), market type (wet markets, supermarkets, and independent poultry stores), chicken production system (integrated or nonintegrated production company), and chicken skin color (white or yellow). Chickens produced by integrated companies had lower Salmonella numbers (P < 0.05) than nonintegrated companies, and white-skin carcasses had lower numbers (P < 0.05) than yellow-skin carcasses. Among 13 different Salmonella serovars identified, Paratyphi B (34.8%) was most prevalent, followed by Heidelberg (16.3%) and Derby (11.6%). Of all the Salmonella isolates, 59.2% were resistant to one to three antibiotics and 13.6% to four or more antibiotics. Among all the serovars obtained, Salmonella Paratyphi B and Heidelberg were the most resistant to the antibiotics tested. Salmonella levels and antibiotic resistant profiles among isolates from raw poultry at the retail market level were high relative to other reports from North and South America. These data can be used by Guatemalan stakeholders to develop risk assessment models and support further research opportunities to control transmission of Salmonella spp. and antibiotic-resistant isolates from chicken meat to humans.

Detection of Salmonella species in chicken carcasses using genus specific primer belong to invA gene in Sohag city, Egypt

“…[20], and Jarquin et al . [21], whereas this result was higher than that obtained by Elgroud et al . [22].…”

Distribution and dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella in broiler farms with or without enrofloxacin use

“…1c). Resistance to the three antimicrobials ENR, TET, and SXT was most commonly observed in isolates from chicken, in a previous study [43]. One plausible explanation is that the selective pressure exerted by the antimicrobials contributed to the co-selection of this antimicrobial resistance pattern.…”

Multiplex polymerase chain reaction to detect Salmonella serovars Indiana, Enteritidis, and Typhimurium in raw meat

“…The results were similar to previous reports in other developing countries. For example, the contamination rates in chicken were within the range of 20.8% to 48.7% in Guatemala, Vietnam, and Malaysia (Jarquin et al, ; Ta et al, ; Thung et al, ). These data indicate that raw meat is an important source of Salmonella , which suggests that the detection of Salmonella and the demonstration of the presence and prevalence of the organisms will facilitate the development of an effective control approach of foodborne diseases.…”